Marshall Planı Filmleri, Belgeselleri: Kalkınma Amaçlı İletişimin Türkiye’deki Kökeni Üzerine Düşünmek
Öz
İletişim araçlarını kalkınma hedefleri doğrultusunda kullanma olarak özetlenebilecek Kalkınma Amaçlı İletişim, bir akademik araştırma alanı olarak tesis edilip kabul görmeden önce İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemin kendine has bağlamında bir uygulama alanı ve müdahale aracı-yaklaşımı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Aynı yıllar, İkinci Dünya Savaş yorgunu Avrupa ülkeleriyle birlikte Türkiye’yi de kapsayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri kaynaklı Marshall Planı’nın uygulandığı oldukça önemli bir döneme denk gelir. Bu araştırma, Marshall Planı ve Türkiye hakkındaki filmlere yoğunlaşmakta; Marshall Planı iletişimini merkeze alarak hem Türkiye özelinde Marshall Planı iletişimi, hem de Kalkınma Amaçlı İletişim’in Türkiye’deki seyriyle ilgili sınırlı alan yazına katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Planın sebepleri, sonuçları, iletişim stratejileri, yöntemleri ve özel olarak da filmler derinlemesine incelenmiş ve Türkiye ile ilgili Marshall Planı filmleri, modernleşme paradigmasının hâkim olduğu dönem Kalkınma Amaçlı İletişim bağlamında ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
kalkınma amaçlı iletişim Marshall Planı Türkiye film propaganda
Kaynakça
- Agnew, John, and Nicholas Entrikin. 2004. The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. New York: Routledge.
- Ascroft, Joseph,and Sipho Masilela. 1989. From top-down to co-equal communication: Popular participation in development decision-making. Paper presented at the seminar on Participation: A Key concept in Communication and Change. University of Poona, Pune, India.
- Aytaç, İren Dicle. 2008. “Marshall Plan Filmleri (1948-1953): Türkiye Örneği.” Master of Arts Thesis, Gazi University.
- Belgil, Vehbi. 1952. “Issues of Our National Film-making.” Yıldız, February 9, 1952.
- Birinci, Burcu. 2007. “The Marshall Plan in Turkey: A Critical Evaluation of United States’ Interests in the Plan and Its Effects on the Republic.” Masters’ Thesis, Bogazici University.
- Burk, Kathleen. 2001. “The Marshall Plan: Filling in some of the blanks.” Contemporary European History 10(2), 267-294.
- Ellwood, David W. 1998. “You too can be like us: Selling the Marshall Plan.” History Today 48 (October): 33-39.
- Ellwood, David W. 2001. “Italian modernization and propaganda of the Marshall Plan.” In The art of persuasion: Political communication in Italy from 1945 to 1990s, edited by Cheles, Luciano., and Ponza, Lucio., 23-45. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Ellwood, David W. 2006. “The Marshall Plan: A Strategy that Worked.” Foreign Policy Agenda, April: 17-22.
- Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. New Jersey: Princeton Press.
- Fair, Jo Ellen .1989. “29 Years of Theory and Research on Media and Development: The Dominant Paradigm Impact.” Gazette, 44: 129–150.
- Fair, Jo Ellen and Hemant Shah .1997. “Continuities and Discontinuities in Communication and Development Research since 1958.” Journal of International Communication, 4: 3-25.
- Garret, C. Amy. 2004. “Marketing America: Public culture and public diplomacy in the Marshall Plan era 1947-1954.” PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
- Hemer, Oscar and Tomas Tufte. 2005. “The challenge of the glocal.” In Media & Glocal Change: Rethinking Communication for Development, edited by Oscar Hemer and Tomas Tufte, 13-25. Sweden: Nordicom.
- Hemsing, Albert. 1994. “The Marshall Plan’s European Film Unit, 1948–1955: A memoir and filmography.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14: 269-297.
- Kozat, Burçak. 2007. “Negotiating Modernization through U.S Foreign Assistance: Turkey’s Marshall Plan (1948-52) Re-interpreted.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
- Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. London: Collier-Macmillan Ltd.
- Mendi, Ahmet. 2002. “İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Türk dış politikasına etkileri, Truman Doktrini, Marshall Planı ve Türkiye”. PhD dissertation, Istanbul University.
- Melkote, Raj Srinivas. 1991. Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
- Melkote, Raj Srinivas and Steeves, Leslie. 2001. Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
- MPF. 2020. Marshall Plan Filmography. Accessed 15 November 2020 http://www.marshallfilms.org/mpf.asp
- Noble, S. Evan. 2006. “Marshall Plan films and Americanization.” Master of Arts Thesis, Virginia Tech.
- Robinson, Robinson D. 1956. The Impact of American Military and Economic Assistance Programs in Turkey. New York: American Universities Field Staff Report.
- Rogers, Everett. 1976. Communication and Development: Critical Perspectives. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
- Rother, Rainer, Sandra Schulberg, Gunter Agde, and Jeanpaul Goergen. 2005. Selling Democracy: Winning the Peace. Program for 55th Berlin International Film Festival. Berlin: KBB.
- Servaes, Jan. 1999. Communication for Development. One World, Multiple Cultures. Cresskill: Hampton Press.
- Servaes, Jan. 2008. Communication for Social Change and Development. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
- Servaes, Jan, and Patchanee Malikhao. 2005. “Participatory Communication: the new paradigm?” In Media & Glocal Change: Rethinking Communication for Development, edited by Oscar Hemer and Tomas Tufte, 91-95. Sweden: Nordicom.
- Şahin, Osman. 1996. Toroslarda Sinema Çerçileri. In Türk Sineması Üzerine Düşünceler, edited by Süleyman M. Dinçer, 301-307. Ankara: Doruk Yayınları.
- Tören, Tolga. 2007. Yeniden Yapılanan Dünya Ekonomisinde Marshall Planı ve Türkiye Uygulaması. İstanbul: SAV.
- Truman acts to save nations from red rule; asks 400 million to aid Greece and Turkey. (1947, March 12). New York Times, 1.
- Whelan, Bernadette. 2003. “Marshall Plan Publicity and Propaganda in Italy and Ireland, 1947–1951.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 23, no. 4: 311 – 328.
Marshall Plan Films and Documentaries: A Meditation on Origin of Communication for Development in Turkey
Öz
Concerned with exploiting communication tools for development purposes, Communication for Development was born in the specific context of post-World War II years as an implementation area or practice, prior to its establishment as an academic research domain. The same era coincidences with implementation of Marshall Plan, which included Turkey among its beneficiary countries. Marshall Plan and its communication, with a specific focus on the films in/about Turkey, constitute the core to the study, which aims to contribute to the limited literature on Marshall Plan communication in Turkey and the history of Communication for Development in Turkey. Underlying impulses of the Plan, its implication, the communication strategies and methods utilized throughout the Plan and films are studied, while the Marshall Plan films about Turkey are contextualized in the modernization paradigm-dominated period of communication for development practice and research.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Marshall Plan Turkey film propaganda Communication for development
Kaynakça
- Agnew, John, and Nicholas Entrikin. 2004. The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. New York: Routledge.
- Ascroft, Joseph,and Sipho Masilela. 1989. From top-down to co-equal communication: Popular participation in development decision-making. Paper presented at the seminar on Participation: A Key concept in Communication and Change. University of Poona, Pune, India.
- Aytaç, İren Dicle. 2008. “Marshall Plan Filmleri (1948-1953): Türkiye Örneği.” Master of Arts Thesis, Gazi University.
- Belgil, Vehbi. 1952. “Issues of Our National Film-making.” Yıldız, February 9, 1952.
- Birinci, Burcu. 2007. “The Marshall Plan in Turkey: A Critical Evaluation of United States’ Interests in the Plan and Its Effects on the Republic.” Masters’ Thesis, Bogazici University.
- Burk, Kathleen. 2001. “The Marshall Plan: Filling in some of the blanks.” Contemporary European History 10(2), 267-294.
- Ellwood, David W. 1998. “You too can be like us: Selling the Marshall Plan.” History Today 48 (October): 33-39.
- Ellwood, David W. 2001. “Italian modernization and propaganda of the Marshall Plan.” In The art of persuasion: Political communication in Italy from 1945 to 1990s, edited by Cheles, Luciano., and Ponza, Lucio., 23-45. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Ellwood, David W. 2006. “The Marshall Plan: A Strategy that Worked.” Foreign Policy Agenda, April: 17-22.
- Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. New Jersey: Princeton Press.
- Fair, Jo Ellen .1989. “29 Years of Theory and Research on Media and Development: The Dominant Paradigm Impact.” Gazette, 44: 129–150.
- Fair, Jo Ellen and Hemant Shah .1997. “Continuities and Discontinuities in Communication and Development Research since 1958.” Journal of International Communication, 4: 3-25.
- Garret, C. Amy. 2004. “Marketing America: Public culture and public diplomacy in the Marshall Plan era 1947-1954.” PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
- Hemer, Oscar and Tomas Tufte. 2005. “The challenge of the glocal.” In Media & Glocal Change: Rethinking Communication for Development, edited by Oscar Hemer and Tomas Tufte, 13-25. Sweden: Nordicom.
- Hemsing, Albert. 1994. “The Marshall Plan’s European Film Unit, 1948–1955: A memoir and filmography.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14: 269-297.
- Kozat, Burçak. 2007. “Negotiating Modernization through U.S Foreign Assistance: Turkey’s Marshall Plan (1948-52) Re-interpreted.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
- Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. London: Collier-Macmillan Ltd.
- Mendi, Ahmet. 2002. “İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Türk dış politikasına etkileri, Truman Doktrini, Marshall Planı ve Türkiye”. PhD dissertation, Istanbul University.
- Melkote, Raj Srinivas. 1991. Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
- Melkote, Raj Srinivas and Steeves, Leslie. 2001. Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
- MPF. 2020. Marshall Plan Filmography. Accessed 15 November 2020 http://www.marshallfilms.org/mpf.asp
- Noble, S. Evan. 2006. “Marshall Plan films and Americanization.” Master of Arts Thesis, Virginia Tech.
- Robinson, Robinson D. 1956. The Impact of American Military and Economic Assistance Programs in Turkey. New York: American Universities Field Staff Report.
- Rogers, Everett. 1976. Communication and Development: Critical Perspectives. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
- Rother, Rainer, Sandra Schulberg, Gunter Agde, and Jeanpaul Goergen. 2005. Selling Democracy: Winning the Peace. Program for 55th Berlin International Film Festival. Berlin: KBB.
- Servaes, Jan. 1999. Communication for Development. One World, Multiple Cultures. Cresskill: Hampton Press.
- Servaes, Jan. 2008. Communication for Social Change and Development. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
- Servaes, Jan, and Patchanee Malikhao. 2005. “Participatory Communication: the new paradigm?” In Media & Glocal Change: Rethinking Communication for Development, edited by Oscar Hemer and Tomas Tufte, 91-95. Sweden: Nordicom.
- Şahin, Osman. 1996. Toroslarda Sinema Çerçileri. In Türk Sineması Üzerine Düşünceler, edited by Süleyman M. Dinçer, 301-307. Ankara: Doruk Yayınları.
- Tören, Tolga. 2007. Yeniden Yapılanan Dünya Ekonomisinde Marshall Planı ve Türkiye Uygulaması. İstanbul: SAV.
- Truman acts to save nations from red rule; asks 400 million to aid Greece and Turkey. (1947, March 12). New York Times, 1.
- Whelan, Bernadette. 2003. “Marshall Plan Publicity and Propaganda in Italy and Ireland, 1947–1951.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 23, no. 4: 311 – 328.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021Sayı: 2021 Özel Sayı: 2. Uluslararası Dijital Çağda İletişim Sempozyumu, Süreklilikler ve Kesintiler: Kültürler, Pazarlar ve Siyaset |
