Research Article
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 95 - 120, 14.06.2019
Abstract
Gazetecilerin,
politikacıların, sivil toplum kuruluşları temsilcilerinin, sivil
inisiyatiflerin, yurttaş gazetecilerin ve çevrimiçi toplulukların aynı anda
iletişim kurmasını sağlayan bir ekosistem olarak Twitter; profesyonel ve amatörlerin, mesleki bilgiyle
amatör sezginin buluşmasına olanak tanıyarak yeni bir gazetecilik anlayışı ortaya
çıkartmakta, bu gazetecilik türü “sanal ortam gazeteciliği” (ambient
journalism) ya da “son kullanıcı gazeteciliği” (end-user journalism) gibi farklı
kavramlarla tanımlanmaktadır. Ancak Twitter’ın sunduğu etkileşim
ortamının gazeteciler tarafından nasıl kullanıldığı hâlâ tartışmalıdır. Türkiye’deki gazetecilerin Twitter’daki
etkileşimine odaklanan bu çalışmada, gazetecilerin takipçileriyle etkileşimi ve
içerikteki etkileşim düzeyi üzerinden gazetecilik uygulamalarındaki dönüşüm
sorgulanmıştır. Araştırmada,
farklı medya kuruluşlarında çalışan 21 gazetecinin
14 Nisan ve 17 Mayıs 2018 tarihleri arasındaki tweetlerinin analiz edilerek niteliksel ve niceliksel olarak
değerlendirilmesi; ayrıca üç gazeteci grubu -eşik bekçileri, muhabirler
ve serbest gazeteciler- arasındaki farklılaşmanın ortaya konulması
amaçlanmıştır.
References
- Alanka, Ömer. 2015. “Dijital Karnavalesk Uzam: Twitter.” İletişim Çalışmalarında Dijital Yaklaşımlar Twitter içinde, editörler Selva Ersöz Karakulakoğlu ve Özge Uğurlu, 59-72. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Bailey, Olga Guedes, Bart Cammaerts ve Nico Carpentier. 2007. Understanding Alternative Media. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- Boyd, Danah, Scott Golder ve Gilad Lotan. 2010. “Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational of Retweeting on Twitter.” HICSS-43. IEEE: Kauai, HI, Ocak 6. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5428313.
- Broersma, Marcel ve Todd Graham. 2013. “Twitter As A News Source: How Dutch and British Newspapers Used Tweets in Their News Coverage, 2007–2011.” Journalism Practice 7 (4): 446-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.802481.
- Bruns, Axel. 2003. “Gatewatching, Not Gatekeeping: Collaborative Online News.” Media Intemallonal Australia incorporating Culture and Policy 107 (1): 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0310700106.
- Bruns, Axel. 2014. “Media Innovations, User Innovations, Societal Innovations.” The Journal of Media Innovations 1 (1): 13-27. https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/TJMI/article/view/827.
- Bruns, Axel ve Hallvard Moe. 2016. “Twitter’da İletişimin Yapısal Katmanları.” Çeviren Emre Erbatur. Twitter ve Toplum içinde, editörler Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt ve Cornelius Puschmann, 62-78. İstanbul: Kafka Yayınları.
- Cha, Meeyoung, Hamed Haddadi, Fabrıcio Benevenuto ve Krishna P. Gummadi. 2010. “Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy.” Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM 2010, Washington. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1538/1826,2011.
- Chadwick, Andrew. 2013. “The Contemporary Contexts of Hybridity.” The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power içinde, 49-69. Oxford University Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.003.0004.
- Deleuze, Gilles ve Felix Guattari. 1990. Kapitalizm ve Şizofreni: 1 Bin Yayla. Çeviren Ali Akay. Ankara: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
- Domingo, David, Thorsten Quandt, Ar Heinonen, Steve Paulussen, Jane B. Singer ve Marina Vujnovic. 2008. “Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond: An International Comparative Study of Initiatives in Online Newspapers.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 326-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802281065.
- Farhi, Paul. 2009. “The Twitter Explosion.” American Journalism Review. Mayıs-Haziran. Erişim tarihi 14 Nisan 2018. http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4756.
- Foucault, Michel. 2011. Entelektüelin Siyasi İşlevi. Çevirenler Işık Ergüden, Osman Akınhay ve Ferda Keskin. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Fuchs, Christian, Robert M. Bichler ve Celina Raff. 2009. “Cyberethics And Co-Operation in The Information Society.” Science And Engineering Ethics 15 (4): 447-466. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11948-009-9138-1.
- Fuchs, Christian. 2017. “Yeni Medya Kuramı: Bir Önsöz.” Yeni Medya Kuramları içinde, editör Filiz Aydoğan. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2010a. “Twittering The News. The Emergence Of Ambient Journalism.” Journalism Practice 4 (3): 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2010b. “From TV to Twitter: How Ambient News Became Ambient Journalism.” Media/Culture Journal 13 (2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1732603.
- Hermida, Alfred, Seth C. Lewis ve Rodrigo Zamith. 2014. “Sourcing the Arab Spring: A Case Study of Andy Carvin’s Sources on Twitter During the Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (3): 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12074.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2016. “Sanal Ortam Haber Ağı Olarak Twitter.” Çeviren Emre Erbatur. Twitter ve Toplum içinde, derleyenler Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt ve Cornelius Puschmann, 467-473, İstanbul: Kafka Yayınları.
- Honeycutt, Courtenay ve Susan C. Herring. 2009. “Beyond microblogging: Conversation and Collaboration via Twitter.” Proceedings of the Forty-Second Hawai’i International Conference on System Sciences. (HICSS-42), Ocak 20, 1530-1605. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Press. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4755499.
- Kwak, Haewoon, Changhyun Lee, Hosung Park ve Sue Moon. 2010. “What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media?” Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web (IW3C2). 591-600. North Carolina, USA. http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf.
- Lotan, Gilad, Erhardt Graeff, Mike Ananny, Devin Gaffney, Ian Pearce ve Danah Boyd. 2011. “The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” International Journal of Communication 5 (5): 1375-1405. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1246/643.
- Newman, Todd P. 2016. “Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, Comments, and Sources Following the Release of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers.” Public Understanding of Science 26 (7): 815-825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516628477.
- Noguera-Vivo, Jose-Manuel. 2013. “How Open Are Journalists On Twitter? Trends Towards The End-User Journalism.” Communication & Society/Comunicación Y Sociedad 26 (1): 93-114. http://eprints.rclis.org/18821/1/Comm%26Society_Noguera2013.pdf.
- Papacharissi, Zizi ve Maria de Fatima Oliveira. 2011. “The Rhythms of News Storytelling on Twitter: Coverage of the January 25th Egyptian Uprising on Twitter.” World Association for Public Opinion Research, Conference, Eylül 21, 3188. Amsterdam. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263563989_The_Rhythms_of_News_Storytelling_on_Twitter_Coverage_of_the_January_25th_Egyptian_uprising_on_Twitter.
- Sankaranarayanan, Jagan, Hanan Samet, Benjamin E. Teitler, Michael D. Lieberman, ve Jon Sperling. 2009. “TwitterStand: news in tweets.” GIS Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Kasım 4-6, 42-51. https://www.cs.umd.edu/~hjs/pubs/twitter-gis2009.pdf.
- Schillemans, Thomas. 2014. “The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power.” Public Administration 92 (4): 1110-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12108.
- Torres, García de Elvira, Lyudmyla Yezers'ka, Alejandro Rost, Mabel Calderin, Miladys Rojano, Concha Edo, Elias Said-Hung, Pedro Jerónimo, Carlos Arcila Calderon, Ana Serrano Telleria, Jorge Badillo ve Loreto Corredoira. 2011. “See You on Facebook or Twitter? The Use of Social Media by 27 News Outlets From 9 Regions in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Spain and Venezuela.” 12 International Symposium on Online Journalism, Nisan 1-2. Austin, Texas. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253650751.
- Ural, Ayhan ve İbrahim Kılıç. 2011. Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Yıldırım, Ali ve Hasan Şimşek. 2011. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Zappavigna, Michele. 2015. “Searchable Talk: The Linguistic Functions of Hashtags.” Social Semiotics 25 (3): 274-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2014.996948.
- Yeşilyurt, Yasin. 2015. “Twitter’da Sözlü, Yazılı ve Görsel Kültürün İzleri”, İletişim Çalışmalarında Dijital Yaklaşımlar Twitter içinde, derleyenler Selva Ersöz Karakulakoğlu ve Özge Uğurlu, 73-92. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Singer, Jane B. 2005. “The Political J-Blogger: ‘Normalizing’ a New Media Form to Fit Old Norms and Practices.” Journalism 6 (2): 173-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905051009.
Journalism and Innovation in The Age of Social Media: An Analysis of Journalistic Practices on Twitter
Abstract
Twitter is an ecosystem that helps journalists, politicians, civil initiatives, non-govermental organizations, and online societies to communicate. Twitter brings out a new kind of journalism which is defined as ambient journalism or end-user journalism. This new kind of journalism is a mixture of professional knowledge and amateur intuition. But the way Twitter ise used by the journalists is still controversial. In this study that focuses on the interaction of Turkish journalists on Twitter, we have questioned the interaction of the journalists with their followers and the transformation of the journalism practices due to the interaction level of the content. In this research, the tweets of 21 journalists who work for different media institutions, data between 14 April-17 May 2018 has been analyzed. They have been evaluated by quality and quantity. Also we aimed to show the differentiation between three journalist groups-gatekeepers, reporters and free journalists.
References
- Alanka, Ömer. 2015. “Dijital Karnavalesk Uzam: Twitter.” İletişim Çalışmalarında Dijital Yaklaşımlar Twitter içinde, editörler Selva Ersöz Karakulakoğlu ve Özge Uğurlu, 59-72. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Bailey, Olga Guedes, Bart Cammaerts ve Nico Carpentier. 2007. Understanding Alternative Media. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- Boyd, Danah, Scott Golder ve Gilad Lotan. 2010. “Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational of Retweeting on Twitter.” HICSS-43. IEEE: Kauai, HI, Ocak 6. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5428313.
- Broersma, Marcel ve Todd Graham. 2013. “Twitter As A News Source: How Dutch and British Newspapers Used Tweets in Their News Coverage, 2007–2011.” Journalism Practice 7 (4): 446-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.802481.
- Bruns, Axel. 2003. “Gatewatching, Not Gatekeeping: Collaborative Online News.” Media Intemallonal Australia incorporating Culture and Policy 107 (1): 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0310700106.
- Bruns, Axel. 2014. “Media Innovations, User Innovations, Societal Innovations.” The Journal of Media Innovations 1 (1): 13-27. https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/TJMI/article/view/827.
- Bruns, Axel ve Hallvard Moe. 2016. “Twitter’da İletişimin Yapısal Katmanları.” Çeviren Emre Erbatur. Twitter ve Toplum içinde, editörler Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt ve Cornelius Puschmann, 62-78. İstanbul: Kafka Yayınları.
- Cha, Meeyoung, Hamed Haddadi, Fabrıcio Benevenuto ve Krishna P. Gummadi. 2010. “Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy.” Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM 2010, Washington. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1538/1826,2011.
- Chadwick, Andrew. 2013. “The Contemporary Contexts of Hybridity.” The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power içinde, 49-69. Oxford University Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.003.0004.
- Deleuze, Gilles ve Felix Guattari. 1990. Kapitalizm ve Şizofreni: 1 Bin Yayla. Çeviren Ali Akay. Ankara: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
- Domingo, David, Thorsten Quandt, Ar Heinonen, Steve Paulussen, Jane B. Singer ve Marina Vujnovic. 2008. “Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond: An International Comparative Study of Initiatives in Online Newspapers.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 326-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802281065.
- Farhi, Paul. 2009. “The Twitter Explosion.” American Journalism Review. Mayıs-Haziran. Erişim tarihi 14 Nisan 2018. http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4756.
- Foucault, Michel. 2011. Entelektüelin Siyasi İşlevi. Çevirenler Işık Ergüden, Osman Akınhay ve Ferda Keskin. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Fuchs, Christian, Robert M. Bichler ve Celina Raff. 2009. “Cyberethics And Co-Operation in The Information Society.” Science And Engineering Ethics 15 (4): 447-466. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11948-009-9138-1.
- Fuchs, Christian. 2017. “Yeni Medya Kuramı: Bir Önsöz.” Yeni Medya Kuramları içinde, editör Filiz Aydoğan. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2010a. “Twittering The News. The Emergence Of Ambient Journalism.” Journalism Practice 4 (3): 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2010b. “From TV to Twitter: How Ambient News Became Ambient Journalism.” Media/Culture Journal 13 (2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1732603.
- Hermida, Alfred, Seth C. Lewis ve Rodrigo Zamith. 2014. “Sourcing the Arab Spring: A Case Study of Andy Carvin’s Sources on Twitter During the Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (3): 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12074.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2016. “Sanal Ortam Haber Ağı Olarak Twitter.” Çeviren Emre Erbatur. Twitter ve Toplum içinde, derleyenler Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt ve Cornelius Puschmann, 467-473, İstanbul: Kafka Yayınları.
- Honeycutt, Courtenay ve Susan C. Herring. 2009. “Beyond microblogging: Conversation and Collaboration via Twitter.” Proceedings of the Forty-Second Hawai’i International Conference on System Sciences. (HICSS-42), Ocak 20, 1530-1605. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Press. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4755499.
- Kwak, Haewoon, Changhyun Lee, Hosung Park ve Sue Moon. 2010. “What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media?” Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web (IW3C2). 591-600. North Carolina, USA. http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf.
- Lotan, Gilad, Erhardt Graeff, Mike Ananny, Devin Gaffney, Ian Pearce ve Danah Boyd. 2011. “The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” International Journal of Communication 5 (5): 1375-1405. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1246/643.
- Newman, Todd P. 2016. “Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, Comments, and Sources Following the Release of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers.” Public Understanding of Science 26 (7): 815-825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516628477.
- Noguera-Vivo, Jose-Manuel. 2013. “How Open Are Journalists On Twitter? Trends Towards The End-User Journalism.” Communication & Society/Comunicación Y Sociedad 26 (1): 93-114. http://eprints.rclis.org/18821/1/Comm%26Society_Noguera2013.pdf.
- Papacharissi, Zizi ve Maria de Fatima Oliveira. 2011. “The Rhythms of News Storytelling on Twitter: Coverage of the January 25th Egyptian Uprising on Twitter.” World Association for Public Opinion Research, Conference, Eylül 21, 3188. Amsterdam. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263563989_The_Rhythms_of_News_Storytelling_on_Twitter_Coverage_of_the_January_25th_Egyptian_uprising_on_Twitter.
- Sankaranarayanan, Jagan, Hanan Samet, Benjamin E. Teitler, Michael D. Lieberman, ve Jon Sperling. 2009. “TwitterStand: news in tweets.” GIS Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Kasım 4-6, 42-51. https://www.cs.umd.edu/~hjs/pubs/twitter-gis2009.pdf.
- Schillemans, Thomas. 2014. “The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power.” Public Administration 92 (4): 1110-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12108.
- Torres, García de Elvira, Lyudmyla Yezers'ka, Alejandro Rost, Mabel Calderin, Miladys Rojano, Concha Edo, Elias Said-Hung, Pedro Jerónimo, Carlos Arcila Calderon, Ana Serrano Telleria, Jorge Badillo ve Loreto Corredoira. 2011. “See You on Facebook or Twitter? The Use of Social Media by 27 News Outlets From 9 Regions in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Spain and Venezuela.” 12 International Symposium on Online Journalism, Nisan 1-2. Austin, Texas. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253650751.
- Ural, Ayhan ve İbrahim Kılıç. 2011. Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Yıldırım, Ali ve Hasan Şimşek. 2011. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Zappavigna, Michele. 2015. “Searchable Talk: The Linguistic Functions of Hashtags.” Social Semiotics 25 (3): 274-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2014.996948.
- Yeşilyurt, Yasin. 2015. “Twitter’da Sözlü, Yazılı ve Görsel Kültürün İzleri”, İletişim Çalışmalarında Dijital Yaklaşımlar Twitter içinde, derleyenler Selva Ersöz Karakulakoğlu ve Özge Uğurlu, 73-92. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Singer, Jane B. 2005. “The Political J-Blogger: ‘Normalizing’ a New Media Form to Fit Old Norms and Practices.” Journalism 6 (2): 173-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905051009.
There are 33 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 14, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019Volume: 6 Issue: 1 |
