Araştırma Makalesi
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Hakikat-Sonrası Dönemde Halkla İlişkiler: Halkla İlişkiler Uygulayıcılarının Perspektifinden Uygulama Alanının Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 151 - 185, 03.12.2024

Emre Ergen

https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1436894

Öz

Bu çalışma, hakikat-sonrası dönemdeki halkla ilişkiler uygulamalarını Türkiye’deki halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcılarının bakış açısıyla incelemektedir. Böylece, onların bu dönemi mesleki olarak nasıl deneyimlediklerini ve değerlendirdiklerini keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, nitel araştırma metodolojisi takip edilerek, halkla ilişkiler ajanslarında çalışan halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcıları ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmelerden elde edilen verilerin tematik analizi sonucunda, Türkiye’deki halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcılarının hakikat-sonrası dönemin gerekliliklerine uyum sağladıkları ve çalışmalarını söz konusu çerçeveye dahil ettikleri sonucuna varılmıştır. Daha belirgin bir biçimde sonuca yaklaşmak gerekirse, bulgular, halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcılarının yoğun enformasyon ve bilişsel önyargılarla örülü hakikat-sonrası dönem atmosferinde doğru bilgi yaymanın önemini vurguladığını göstermektedir. Doğru bilgi yaymaya atfedilen bu önemle birlikte, hakikat-sonrası dönemde yürütülen halkla ilişkiler uygulamalarının dinamikleri için doğruluk, şeffaflık ve netlik üzerinde durulan üç ana tema olarak belirginleşmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda keşfedilen bu temalar, hakikat-sonrası çağın enformasyon ve algı karmaşasında halkla ilişkiler stratejilerinin nasıl şekillendiğinin anlaşılmasına katkı sunarken, ayrıca, halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcılarının bu dönemdeki rolünü de aydınlatmaktadır. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, araştırma, halkla ilişkiler uygulama alanı için hakikat-sonrası dönemin farkındalığının önemini vurgulamakla birlikte, bu farkındalığın yaygınlaştırılması gereğine de dikkat çekmektedir. Hakikat-sonrası çağda bilişsel önyargılar ve dezenformasyon, kuruluşlar ile hedef kitleleri arasındaki iletişimi kesintiye uğratarak bu sürecin devamlılığını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, hakikat-sonrası çağda halkla ilişkiler uygulamalarının değişen durumunu halkla ilişkiler uzmanlarının bakış açısıyla ele almıştır. Konu çerçevesindeki tartışmaların ve bu çalışmada elde edilen bulguların bir araya getirilmesiyle, incelenen sürecin kapsamlı bir bakış açısıyla
anlamlandırılmasına katkı sağlanmıştır. Çalışma, halkla ilişkilerin meslek uzmanlarına ve halkla ilişkiler alanındaki araştırmacılara içgörüler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hakikat Sonrası Dönem Halkla İlişkiler Yeni medya Sahte Haber Stratejik İletişim Yönetimi

Kaynakça

  • Adi, Ana and Thomas Stoeckle. 2023. The Future of PR/Comms and their Social Impact: Results of an International Delphi-Method Study. Berlin: Quadriga University of Applied Sciences.
  • Alpay, Yalın. 2021. Yalanın Siyaseti. İstanbul: Destek Yayınları.
  • Artan-Özoran, Beris. 2018. “ ‘Pseudo-Events’ as a Form of Public Relations in the Postmodern World: A Case Study Pinkorblack Night.’’ Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18 (3): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552513.
  • Artan-Özoran, Beris. 2021. “Postmodern Culture and Public Relations: An Analysis Through Campaigns.” Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21 (4): 1051-1070. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1039499.
  • Baudrillard, Jean. 2011. Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon. Translated by Oğuz Adanır. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Blake, Aaron. 2017. “Kellyanne Conway Says Donald Trump’s Team Has ‘Alternative Facts. Which Pretty Much Says It All.” The Washington Post, January 22. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-facts-which-pretty-much-says-it-all/.
  • Bowen, Gleen. 2009. “Document Analysis as A Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9 (2): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
  • Braun, Virginia and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
  • Caesar, Ed. 2018. “The Reputation-Laundering Firm That Ruined Its Own Reputation.” The New Yorker, June 18. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/25/the-reputation-laundering-firm-that-ruined-its-own-reputation.
  • Cevizci, Ahmet. 2005. Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Chotia, Evelynne J., Anton M. Pillay and Jeremiah Madzimure. 2022. “The Impact of Social Media as A Strategic Approach to Corporate Communication When Handling Crises at A Selected South African Bank.” Eureka Social and Humanities 4: 33-42. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002489.
  • Christofoletti, Rogério. 2024. “Trust in Media and Journalism Credibility in the Sea of Misinformation.” The International Review of Information Ethics 33 (1). https://doi.org/10.29173/irie500.
  • CNN. 2016. “Gingrich, Camerota Debate Crime Stats.” December 1. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/12/01/gingrich-camerota-crime-stats-newday.cnn. Edelman, Richard. 2017. “An Implosion of Trust.” Edelman, March 7. https://www.edelman.com/post/an-implosion-of-trust.
  • Edwards, Lee. 2020. “Organised Lying and Professional Legitimacy: Public Relations’ Accountability in the Disinformation Debate.” European Journal of Communication 36 (2): 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/026732312096685.
  • Fischer, Frank. 2021. Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy: Interpreting the Arguments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fuller, Steve. 2018. Post-Truth: Knowledge as a Power Game. London: Anthem Press.
  • Gobber, Giovanni. 2019. “The Scarlet Letter of ‘Post-Truth’: The Sunset Boulevard of Communication.” Church Communication and Culture 4 (3): 287-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2019.1665468.
  • Grunig, James. 2005. Halkla İlişkiler ve İletişim Yönetiminde Mükemmellik. Translated by Elif Özsayar. İstanbul: Rota Yayınları.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2003. Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü. Translated by Tanıl Bora and Mithat Sancar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Herman, Edward S. and Noam Chomsky. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Holtzhausen, Derina R., and Rosina Voto. 2002. “Resistance From the Margins: The Postmodern Public Relations Practitioner as Organizational Activist.” Journal of Public Relations Research 14 (1): 57-84. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1401_3.
  • Ihlen, Øyvind, Anne Gregory, Vilma Luoma-aho and Alexander Buhmann. 2019. “Post-Truth and Public Relations: Special Section Introduction.” Public Relations Review 45 (4): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101844.
  • James, William. 1922. Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Jameson, Fredric. 1991. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
  • Jenkins, Richard. 2000. “Disenchantment, Enchantment and Re-Enchantment: Max Weber at the Millennium.” Max Weber Studies 1 (1): 11-32.
  • Keyes, Ralph. 2021. Hakikat Sonrası Çağ: Günümüz Dünyasında Yalancılık ve Aldatma. Translated by Deniz Özçetin. İzmir: Delidolu Yayınları.
  • Kriyantono, Rachmat and Choiria Anggraini. 2020. “Public Relations or Humas: How Do the Public and Practitioners Perceive It?” Jurnal Komunikatif 9 (2): 154-173. https://doi.org/10.33508/jk.v9i2.2741.
  • Kuhn, Thomas S. 2017. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Translated by Nilüfer Kuyaş. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Kümbetoğlu, Belkıs. 2008. Sosyolojide ve Antropolojide Niteliksel Yöntem ve Araştırma. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich K. H. Ecker and John Cook. 2017. “Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the ‘Post-Truth’ Era.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6 (4): 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008.
  • Lin, Xialing, Patric Spence, Timothy L. Sellnow and Kenneth A. Lachlan. 2016. “Crisis Communication, Learning and Responding: Best Practices in Social Media.” Computers in Human Behavior 65: 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.080.
  • Macnamara, Jim. 2021. “Challenging Post-Communication: Beyond Focus on A ‘Few Bad Apples’ to Multi-Level Public Communication Reform.” Communication Research and Practice 7 (1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2021.1876404.
  • McIntyre, Lee. 2019. Hakikat-Sonrası. Translated by Mehmet Fahrettin Biçici. İstanbul: Tellekt.
  • Nehamas, Alexander. 2000. The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  • Nichols, Thomas M. 2017. The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why It Matters. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nowell, Lorelli S., Jill. M. Norris, Deborah E. White and Nancy J. Moules. 2017. “Thematic Analysis.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847.
  • Oxford Languages. 2016. “Word of the Year 2016.” Accessed June 19, 2022. https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/.
  • Paine, Thomas. 2013. Akıl Çağı. Translated by Ali İhsan Dalgıç. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Punch, Keith F. 2005. Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş. Translated by Dursun Bayrak, H. Bader Arslan, Zeynep Akyüz and Zeliha Etöz. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Radford, Gary P. 2012. “Public Relations in a Postmodern World.” Public Relations Inquiry 1 (1): 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X11422143.
  • Reuters. 2016. “Apple CEO Says EU Tax Ruling ‘Total Political Crap’-Irish Independent.” September 1. https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-apple-cook-idINL8N1BD0K8.
  • Ritzer, George. 2010. Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press.
  • Shu, Kai, Amy Sliva, Suhang Wang, Jiliang Tang and Huan Liu. 2017. “Fake News Detection on Social Media.” ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 19 (1): 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3137597.3137600.
  • Simon, Herbert A. 1971. “Designing Organizations for an Information-rich World, Computers.” In The Book by Design: Communications, and the Public Interest, edited by Martin Greenberger. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2007. Republic.com 2.0. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tesich, Steven. 1992. “A government of Lies.” Accessed June 19, 2022. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+government+of+lies.-a011665982.
  • Thompson, Gareth. 2020. Post-Truth Public Relations: Communication in an Era of Digital Disinformation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Tong, C. Suk and Fanny F. Y. Chan. 2020. “Exploring Market-Oriented Relations in the Digital Era.” Journal of Communication Management 24 (1): 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-10-2019-0133.
  • Ünver, Hamid A. 2020. “Türkiye'de Doğruluk Kontrolü ve Doğrulama Kuruluşları.” Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies.
  • van der Linden, S., Costas Panagopoulos and Jon Roozenbeek. 2020. “You are Fake News: Political Bias in Perceptions of Fake News.” Media Culture & Society 42 (3): 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720906992.
  • Veil, Shari R., Tara Buehner and Michael J. Palenchar. 2011. “A Work‐In‐Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis Communication.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 19 (2): 110-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x.
  • Verbeek, Nicolaas. 2017. “Public Relations, Post-Truth Society and Trump’s Alarming Political Triumph.” The Poster 5 (1): 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1386/post.5.1.101_1.
  • Wang, Hui. 2022. “Providing Public Access to Archival Materials and the Problem of Fact‐Checking in the Post‐Truth Era.” Social Science Quarterly 103 (7): 1750-1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13232.
  • Weber, Max. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press & The Falcon’s Wing Press.
  • Yıldırım, Ali and Hasan Şimşek. 2013. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.

Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 151 - 185, 03.12.2024

Emre Ergen

https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1436894

Öz

This study examines public-relations practices in the post-truth era from the perspective of public-relations practitioners in Türkiye. To discover how they professionally experience and evaluate the post-truth era, this study employs a qualitative research methodology using in-depth interviews conducted with public-relations practitioners working in public-relations agencies. Through a thematic analysis of the data obtained from these interviews, the study concludes that public-relations practitioners in Türkiye have adapted to the requirements of the post-truth era and view their work within this framework. More specifically, the findings suggest that public-relations practitioners emphasize the importance of disseminating accurate information in an uncertain information environment. In this context, accuracy, transparency, and clarity arise as the three most important themes in the dynamics of public-relations practices in the post-truth era. These themes contribute to the understanding of how public-relations strategies are shaped amid the confusion of information and perception of the post-truth age. The study also sheds light on the role of public-relations practitioners in this process. In summary, the study seeks to clarify, from the perspective of public-relations practitioners, the changing situation of public-relations practices in the post-truth era, where cognitive biases, information overload, and disinformation interrupt the communication between organizations and their target audiences. It emphasizes the importance of awareness of the post-truth period for the field of public relations and draws attention to the need to disseminate this awareness. The findings obtained in this study contribute on both fronts, offering insights to professionals and researchers in the field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Post-Truth Age Public Relations New Media Fake News Strategic Communication Management

Kaynakça

  • Adi, Ana and Thomas Stoeckle. 2023. The Future of PR/Comms and their Social Impact: Results of an International Delphi-Method Study. Berlin: Quadriga University of Applied Sciences.
  • Alpay, Yalın. 2021. Yalanın Siyaseti. İstanbul: Destek Yayınları.
  • Artan-Özoran, Beris. 2018. “ ‘Pseudo-Events’ as a Form of Public Relations in the Postmodern World: A Case Study Pinkorblack Night.’’ Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18 (3): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552513.
  • Artan-Özoran, Beris. 2021. “Postmodern Culture and Public Relations: An Analysis Through Campaigns.” Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21 (4): 1051-1070. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1039499.
  • Baudrillard, Jean. 2011. Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon. Translated by Oğuz Adanır. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Blake, Aaron. 2017. “Kellyanne Conway Says Donald Trump’s Team Has ‘Alternative Facts. Which Pretty Much Says It All.” The Washington Post, January 22. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-facts-which-pretty-much-says-it-all/.
  • Bowen, Gleen. 2009. “Document Analysis as A Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9 (2): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
  • Braun, Virginia and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
  • Caesar, Ed. 2018. “The Reputation-Laundering Firm That Ruined Its Own Reputation.” The New Yorker, June 18. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/25/the-reputation-laundering-firm-that-ruined-its-own-reputation.
  • Cevizci, Ahmet. 2005. Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Chotia, Evelynne J., Anton M. Pillay and Jeremiah Madzimure. 2022. “The Impact of Social Media as A Strategic Approach to Corporate Communication When Handling Crises at A Selected South African Bank.” Eureka Social and Humanities 4: 33-42. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002489.
  • Christofoletti, Rogério. 2024. “Trust in Media and Journalism Credibility in the Sea of Misinformation.” The International Review of Information Ethics 33 (1). https://doi.org/10.29173/irie500.
  • CNN. 2016. “Gingrich, Camerota Debate Crime Stats.” December 1. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/12/01/gingrich-camerota-crime-stats-newday.cnn. Edelman, Richard. 2017. “An Implosion of Trust.” Edelman, March 7. https://www.edelman.com/post/an-implosion-of-trust.
  • Edwards, Lee. 2020. “Organised Lying and Professional Legitimacy: Public Relations’ Accountability in the Disinformation Debate.” European Journal of Communication 36 (2): 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/026732312096685.
  • Fischer, Frank. 2021. Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy: Interpreting the Arguments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fuller, Steve. 2018. Post-Truth: Knowledge as a Power Game. London: Anthem Press.
  • Gobber, Giovanni. 2019. “The Scarlet Letter of ‘Post-Truth’: The Sunset Boulevard of Communication.” Church Communication and Culture 4 (3): 287-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2019.1665468.
  • Grunig, James. 2005. Halkla İlişkiler ve İletişim Yönetiminde Mükemmellik. Translated by Elif Özsayar. İstanbul: Rota Yayınları.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2003. Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü. Translated by Tanıl Bora and Mithat Sancar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Herman, Edward S. and Noam Chomsky. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Holtzhausen, Derina R., and Rosina Voto. 2002. “Resistance From the Margins: The Postmodern Public Relations Practitioner as Organizational Activist.” Journal of Public Relations Research 14 (1): 57-84. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1401_3.
  • Ihlen, Øyvind, Anne Gregory, Vilma Luoma-aho and Alexander Buhmann. 2019. “Post-Truth and Public Relations: Special Section Introduction.” Public Relations Review 45 (4): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101844.
  • James, William. 1922. Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Jameson, Fredric. 1991. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
  • Jenkins, Richard. 2000. “Disenchantment, Enchantment and Re-Enchantment: Max Weber at the Millennium.” Max Weber Studies 1 (1): 11-32.
  • Keyes, Ralph. 2021. Hakikat Sonrası Çağ: Günümüz Dünyasında Yalancılık ve Aldatma. Translated by Deniz Özçetin. İzmir: Delidolu Yayınları.
  • Kriyantono, Rachmat and Choiria Anggraini. 2020. “Public Relations or Humas: How Do the Public and Practitioners Perceive It?” Jurnal Komunikatif 9 (2): 154-173. https://doi.org/10.33508/jk.v9i2.2741.
  • Kuhn, Thomas S. 2017. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Translated by Nilüfer Kuyaş. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Kümbetoğlu, Belkıs. 2008. Sosyolojide ve Antropolojide Niteliksel Yöntem ve Araştırma. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich K. H. Ecker and John Cook. 2017. “Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the ‘Post-Truth’ Era.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6 (4): 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008.
  • Lin, Xialing, Patric Spence, Timothy L. Sellnow and Kenneth A. Lachlan. 2016. “Crisis Communication, Learning and Responding: Best Practices in Social Media.” Computers in Human Behavior 65: 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.080.
  • Macnamara, Jim. 2021. “Challenging Post-Communication: Beyond Focus on A ‘Few Bad Apples’ to Multi-Level Public Communication Reform.” Communication Research and Practice 7 (1): 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2021.1876404.
  • McIntyre, Lee. 2019. Hakikat-Sonrası. Translated by Mehmet Fahrettin Biçici. İstanbul: Tellekt.
  • Nehamas, Alexander. 2000. The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  • Nichols, Thomas M. 2017. The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why It Matters. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nowell, Lorelli S., Jill. M. Norris, Deborah E. White and Nancy J. Moules. 2017. “Thematic Analysis.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847.
  • Oxford Languages. 2016. “Word of the Year 2016.” Accessed June 19, 2022. https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/.
  • Paine, Thomas. 2013. Akıl Çağı. Translated by Ali İhsan Dalgıç. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Punch, Keith F. 2005. Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş. Translated by Dursun Bayrak, H. Bader Arslan, Zeynep Akyüz and Zeliha Etöz. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Radford, Gary P. 2012. “Public Relations in a Postmodern World.” Public Relations Inquiry 1 (1): 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X11422143.
  • Reuters. 2016. “Apple CEO Says EU Tax Ruling ‘Total Political Crap’-Irish Independent.” September 1. https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-apple-cook-idINL8N1BD0K8.
  • Ritzer, George. 2010. Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press.
  • Shu, Kai, Amy Sliva, Suhang Wang, Jiliang Tang and Huan Liu. 2017. “Fake News Detection on Social Media.” ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 19 (1): 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3137597.3137600.
  • Simon, Herbert A. 1971. “Designing Organizations for an Information-rich World, Computers.” In The Book by Design: Communications, and the Public Interest, edited by Martin Greenberger. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2007. Republic.com 2.0. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tesich, Steven. 1992. “A government of Lies.” Accessed June 19, 2022. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+government+of+lies.-a011665982.
  • Thompson, Gareth. 2020. Post-Truth Public Relations: Communication in an Era of Digital Disinformation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Tong, C. Suk and Fanny F. Y. Chan. 2020. “Exploring Market-Oriented Relations in the Digital Era.” Journal of Communication Management 24 (1): 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-10-2019-0133.
  • Ünver, Hamid A. 2020. “Türkiye'de Doğruluk Kontrolü ve Doğrulama Kuruluşları.” Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies.
  • van der Linden, S., Costas Panagopoulos and Jon Roozenbeek. 2020. “You are Fake News: Political Bias in Perceptions of Fake News.” Media Culture & Society 42 (3): 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720906992.
  • Veil, Shari R., Tara Buehner and Michael J. Palenchar. 2011. “A Work‐In‐Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis Communication.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 19 (2): 110-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x.
  • Verbeek, Nicolaas. 2017. “Public Relations, Post-Truth Society and Trump’s Alarming Political Triumph.” The Poster 5 (1): 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1386/post.5.1.101_1.
  • Wang, Hui. 2022. “Providing Public Access to Archival Materials and the Problem of Fact‐Checking in the Post‐Truth Era.” Social Science Quarterly 103 (7): 1750-1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13232.
  • Weber, Max. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press & The Falcon’s Wing Press.
  • Yıldırım, Ali and Hasan Şimşek. 2013. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emre Ergen 0000-0002-8214-0204

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ergen, E. (2024). Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, 11(2), 151-185. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1436894
AMA Ergen E. Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. Aralık 2024;11(2):151-185. doi:10.24955/ilef.1436894
Chicago Ergen, Emre. “Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 11, sy. 2 (Aralık 2024): 151-85. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1436894.
EndNote Ergen E (01 Aralık 2024) Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 11 2 151–185.
IEEE E. Ergen, “Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, ss. 151–185, 2024, doi: 10.24955/ilef.1436894.
ISNAD Ergen, Emre. “Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 11/2 (Aralık 2024), 151-185. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1436894.
JAMA Ergen E. Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. 2024;11:151–185.
MLA Ergen, Emre. “Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 151-85, doi:10.24955/ilef.1436894.
Vancouver Ergen E. Public Relations in the Post-Truth Era: Evaluating the Field from the Perspective of Practitioners in Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. 2024;11(2):151-85.
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