Etkili Politik Katılım Yolu mu, Bireysel Tatmin mi? Change.org Üzerinden Çevrimiçi İmza Kampanyalarına Katılım Davranışlarının İncelenmesi
Öz
Kolektif toplumsal hareketlerin dijital medya aracılığıyla örgütlenmeye başlaması, “dijital aktivizm” kavramını ortaya çıkartmıştır. Akademik yazında, dijital medyanın katılımcı demokrasiyi, kamusal alan çeşitliliğini, toplumsal eylem olanaklarını arttırdığına ve çevrimiçi vatandaşlık (netizen) kavramını güçlendirdiğine dair görüşlerin yanında, politik katılıma yönelik olumsuz ve bireyi atalete yönlendiren etkileri olduğunu belirten yaklaşımlar da mevcuttur. Bu araştırmada, kavramsal çerçeve olarak dijital aktivizm hakkındaki tekno-kötümser ve tekno-iyimser bakış açıları, dijital aktivizme dair sosyal psikolojik bir arka planla birlikte ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini çevrimiçi imza toplama platformu olan Change.org’un Türkiyeli kullanıcıları oluşturmaktadır. Kullanıcıların çevrimiçi imza kampanyalarına katılım davranışlarını, tutum ve motivasyonlarını ölçmek amacıyla tesadüfi olmayan örneklem yöntemiyle bir çevrimiçi anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Çevrimiçi imza kampanyalarına katılımın birey açısından ne ifade ettiği, katılım sonrası çevrimiçi imza kampanyasının farklı dijital ortamlara ve fiziki ortamlara taşınıp taşınmadığı anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre Change.org üzerinden çevrimiçi imza kampanyalarına katılmak, bireylerin bir sonraki çevrimiçi ya da çevrimdışı sivil eylemlilik kararını etkilemekte ve bireylerde “sosyal kaytarmacı” bir davranış şekli ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Dijital aktivizm netizen slaktivizm politik katılım toplumsal hareketler
Kaynakça
- Aaker, Jennifer ve Andy Smith. 2010. The Dragonfly Effect: Quick, Effective, and Powerful Ways to Use Social Media to Drive Social Change. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
- Akdoğan, Itır. 2014. Dijital Politik Fanteziler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Andrejevic, Mark. 2007. iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era Lawrence: University. Lawrence: University Press of Cansas.
- Ayres, Jeffrey M. 1999. “From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-diffusion of Contention.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566 (1): 132-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629956600111.
- Barber, Benjamin. 2013. “Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy.” Political Science Quarterly 113 (4): 573-89. https://doi.org/10.2307/2658245.
- Benjamin, Mako Hill, Gary Hsieh, Shih-Wen Huang ve Mia Suh Minhyang. 2015. “How Activists Are Both Born and Made: An Analysis of Users on Change.org.” CHI'15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Nisan 2015 211-20. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702559.
- Bennett, Lance. 2005. “Social Movements beyond Borders: Organization, Communication, and Political Capacity in Two Eras of Transnational Activism.” Transnational Protest and Global Activism içinde, editörler Donatella Della Porta ve Sidney Tarrow, 203-26. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
- Bimber, Bruce. 2001. “Information and Political Engagement in America: The Search for Effects of Information Technology at the Individual Level.” Political Research Quarterly 54 (1): 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400103.
- Bimber, Bruce. 1998. “The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism.” Polity 13 (1): 133-60. 10.2307/3235370.
- Böttcher, Lucas, Olivia Woolley-Meza ve Dirk Brockmann. 2017. “Temporal Dynamics of Online Petitions.” PloS one 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178062.
- Budge, Ian. 1996. The New Challenge of Direct Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Carpenter, Daniel ve Colin D. Moore Moore. 2014. “When Canvassers Became Activists: Antislavery Petitioning and the Political Mobilization of American Women.” American Political Science Review 108 (3): 479-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541400029X.
- Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Chadwick, A. 2006. Internet Politics States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Change.org. 2017. https://www.change-destek.org/.
- Coleman, Stephen. 2010. “Making Citizens Online. From Virtual Boyscouts to Activist Networks.” Young People ICTs and democracy. Theories, Policies, Identities and Websites içinde, editörler Tobias Olsson ve Peter Dahlgren, 71-90. Nordicom.
- Cristensen, Henrik Serup. 2011. “Political Activities on the Internet: Slactivism or Political Participation by other means.” First Monday 16 (2). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/download/3336/2767.
- Dean, Jodi. 2005. “Communicative Capitalism: Circulation and the Foreclosure of Politics.” Cultural Politics 1 (1): 51-74. https://doi.org/10.2752/174321905778054845.
- Dijk, Jan van ve Kenneth Hacker. 2003. “The Digital Divide as a Complex and Dynamic Phenomenon.” Information Society (19): 315–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240309487.
- Fuchs, Christian. 2012. “Some Reflections on Manuel Castells’ Book Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age.” TripleC 10 (2): 775-97.
- Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2012. Tweets and Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
- Gladwell, Malcolm. 2010. “Small Change: Why the revolution will not be retweeted.” The New Yorker. Erişim tarihi 4 Ekim 2010. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell.
- Huntington, P. Samuel ve M. Joan Nelson. 1976. No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harward University Press.
- İnceoğlu, Yasemin ve Savaş Çoban. 2015. “Sokak ve Dijital Aktivizm: Eylemin Sokaktan Siber Uzaya Taşınması ya da Vice Versa.” İnternet ve Sokak içinde, editörler Yasemin İnceoğlu ve Savaş Çoban, 19-73. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Kağıtçıbaşı, Çiğdem. 2015. Dünden Bugüne İnsan ve İnsanlar: Sosyal Psikolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin. 1983. Karşılaştırmalı Siyasal Katılma-Siyasal Eylemin Kökenleri Üzerine Bir inceleme. İstanbul: Gür-Ay Yayınları.
- Karagöz, Kezban. 2013. “Yeni Medya Çağında Dönüşen Toplumsal Hareketler ve Dijital Aktivizm Hareketleri.” İletişim ve Diplomasi 1 (1) 131-56.
- Kingsley, Patrick. 2011. “Avaaz: Activism or Slactivism?” Erişim tarihi 20 Temmuz 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/20/avaaz-activism-slactivism-clicktivism.
- Kışlalı, Ahmet Taner. 1987. Siyaset Bilimi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basın Yayın Yüksekokulu Yayınları.
- Lee, Yu-Hao ve Gary Hsieh. 2013. “Does Slacktivism Hurt Activism?: The Effects of Moral Balancing and Consistency in Online Activism.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 811-20. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470770.
- Micheletti, Michele ve Andrew S. McFarland. 2011. Creative Participation: Responsibility–Taking in the Political World. London: Paradigm.
- Morozov, Evgeny. 2011. The Dark Side of Internet Freedom:The Net Delusion. New York: Public Affairs.
- Morozov, Evgeny. 2009. “The New Brave World of Slactivism.” Foreign Policy, Erişim tarihi 19 Mayıs 2009. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/05/19/the-brave-new-world-of-slacktivism/.
- Papacharissi, Zizi. 2002. “The Virtual Sphere: The Internet as a Public Sphere.” New Media & Society 4 (1): 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244. Polat, Rabia Karakaya. 2005. “The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Explanatory Links.” European Journal of Communication 20 (4): 435-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105058251.
- Pratnakis, Anthony ve Elliot Aronson. 2008. Propaganda Çağı: İknanın Gündelik Kullanımı ve Suistimali. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
- Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Shirky, Clay. 2008. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. London: Allen Lane.
- Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, The Political Change.” The Foreign Affairs, Erişim tarihi 1 Kasım 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2010-12-20/political-power-social-media.
- Shrestova, Sangita. 2016. “Watch 30 Minutes Video on Internet Become a Social Activist.” By Any Media Necessary: The New Youth Activism içinde, editör Julian Sefton- Green, 61-101 New York: New York University Press.
- Shulman, Stuart W. 2005. “The Internet Still Might (but Probably Won’t) Change Everything: Stakeholder Views on the Future of Electronic Rulemaking.” I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society 1 (1): 111-45.
- Sivitanides, Marcos ve Vivek Shah. 2011. “The Era Of Digital Activism.” International Journal of Information Technology Communications and Convergence 2 (4): 295-307. Thimsen, A. Freya. 2015. “Digital Petitions Against Corporate Rights: Slacktivist Democracy?” Review of Communication 15 (3): 221-39.
- Weare, Christopher. 2002. “The Internet and Democracy: The Causal Links.” International Journal of Public Administration 25 (5): 659-91. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120003294.
- Weber, Lori M., Alysha Loumakis ve James Bergman. 2003. “Who Participates and Why?: An Analysis of Citizens on the Internet and the Mass Public.” Social Science Computer Review 21 (1): 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439302238969.
- White, Micah. 2010. Clicktivism is Ruining Leftist Activism. Guardian, Erişim tarihi 12 Ağustos 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/12/clicktivism-ruining-leftist-activism.
- Yeğen, Ceren. 2014. “Dijital Aktivizmin Bir Türü Olarak Hacktivizm ve “RedHack” as a Sort of Digital Activism.” Intermedia International E-journal 1 (1): 118-32. Žižek, Slavoj. 1997. The Plague of Fantasies. London: Verso.
An Effective Means of Political Participation or Individual Satisfaction? Examining the Behaviour of Participating in Online Petition Campaigns on Change.org
Öz
The fact that collective social movements are increasingly organised through digital media has brought forward the concept of ‘digital activism’. In the literature, the view that digital media increases participatory democracy, the diversity of the public sphere, and the possibilities of social action and strengthens the concept of online citizenship (netizen) is pitted against opinions that emphasise the negative effects of digital activism on political participation. In this study, techno-pessimistic and techno-optimistic perspectives towards digital activism are discussed against the social-psychological background of this form of activism. The participants of the study consist of users from Turkey who sign petitions on the online petition website Change.org. An online survey was conducted with participants chosen through non-random sampling in order to measure users’ participation behaviour and their attitudes and motivations towards online petition campaigns. The study aims to understand how users participate in online petitions and whether the online petitions are later transferred to different digital and physical environments. The results suggest that exposure to online activism via Change.org affects individual decisions on subsequent and offline civic actions but also promotes ‘social loafing’ behaviour patterns.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Digital activism netizen slactivism political participation social movements
Kaynakça
- Aaker, Jennifer ve Andy Smith. 2010. The Dragonfly Effect: Quick, Effective, and Powerful Ways to Use Social Media to Drive Social Change. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
- Akdoğan, Itır. 2014. Dijital Politik Fanteziler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Andrejevic, Mark. 2007. iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era Lawrence: University. Lawrence: University Press of Cansas.
- Ayres, Jeffrey M. 1999. “From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-diffusion of Contention.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 566 (1): 132-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629956600111.
- Barber, Benjamin. 2013. “Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy.” Political Science Quarterly 113 (4): 573-89. https://doi.org/10.2307/2658245.
- Benjamin, Mako Hill, Gary Hsieh, Shih-Wen Huang ve Mia Suh Minhyang. 2015. “How Activists Are Both Born and Made: An Analysis of Users on Change.org.” CHI'15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Nisan 2015 211-20. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702559.
- Bennett, Lance. 2005. “Social Movements beyond Borders: Organization, Communication, and Political Capacity in Two Eras of Transnational Activism.” Transnational Protest and Global Activism içinde, editörler Donatella Della Porta ve Sidney Tarrow, 203-26. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
- Bimber, Bruce. 2001. “Information and Political Engagement in America: The Search for Effects of Information Technology at the Individual Level.” Political Research Quarterly 54 (1): 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400103.
- Bimber, Bruce. 1998. “The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism.” Polity 13 (1): 133-60. 10.2307/3235370.
- Böttcher, Lucas, Olivia Woolley-Meza ve Dirk Brockmann. 2017. “Temporal Dynamics of Online Petitions.” PloS one 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178062.
- Budge, Ian. 1996. The New Challenge of Direct Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Carpenter, Daniel ve Colin D. Moore Moore. 2014. “When Canvassers Became Activists: Antislavery Petitioning and the Political Mobilization of American Women.” American Political Science Review 108 (3): 479-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541400029X.
- Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Chadwick, A. 2006. Internet Politics States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Change.org. 2017. https://www.change-destek.org/.
- Coleman, Stephen. 2010. “Making Citizens Online. From Virtual Boyscouts to Activist Networks.” Young People ICTs and democracy. Theories, Policies, Identities and Websites içinde, editörler Tobias Olsson ve Peter Dahlgren, 71-90. Nordicom.
- Cristensen, Henrik Serup. 2011. “Political Activities on the Internet: Slactivism or Political Participation by other means.” First Monday 16 (2). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/download/3336/2767.
- Dean, Jodi. 2005. “Communicative Capitalism: Circulation and the Foreclosure of Politics.” Cultural Politics 1 (1): 51-74. https://doi.org/10.2752/174321905778054845.
- Dijk, Jan van ve Kenneth Hacker. 2003. “The Digital Divide as a Complex and Dynamic Phenomenon.” Information Society (19): 315–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240309487.
- Fuchs, Christian. 2012. “Some Reflections on Manuel Castells’ Book Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age.” TripleC 10 (2): 775-97.
- Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2012. Tweets and Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
- Gladwell, Malcolm. 2010. “Small Change: Why the revolution will not be retweeted.” The New Yorker. Erişim tarihi 4 Ekim 2010. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell.
- Huntington, P. Samuel ve M. Joan Nelson. 1976. No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harward University Press.
- İnceoğlu, Yasemin ve Savaş Çoban. 2015. “Sokak ve Dijital Aktivizm: Eylemin Sokaktan Siber Uzaya Taşınması ya da Vice Versa.” İnternet ve Sokak içinde, editörler Yasemin İnceoğlu ve Savaş Çoban, 19-73. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Kağıtçıbaşı, Çiğdem. 2015. Dünden Bugüne İnsan ve İnsanlar: Sosyal Psikolojiye Giriş. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin. 1983. Karşılaştırmalı Siyasal Katılma-Siyasal Eylemin Kökenleri Üzerine Bir inceleme. İstanbul: Gür-Ay Yayınları.
- Karagöz, Kezban. 2013. “Yeni Medya Çağında Dönüşen Toplumsal Hareketler ve Dijital Aktivizm Hareketleri.” İletişim ve Diplomasi 1 (1) 131-56.
- Kingsley, Patrick. 2011. “Avaaz: Activism or Slactivism?” Erişim tarihi 20 Temmuz 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/20/avaaz-activism-slactivism-clicktivism.
- Kışlalı, Ahmet Taner. 1987. Siyaset Bilimi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basın Yayın Yüksekokulu Yayınları.
- Lee, Yu-Hao ve Gary Hsieh. 2013. “Does Slacktivism Hurt Activism?: The Effects of Moral Balancing and Consistency in Online Activism.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 811-20. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470770.
- Micheletti, Michele ve Andrew S. McFarland. 2011. Creative Participation: Responsibility–Taking in the Political World. London: Paradigm.
- Morozov, Evgeny. 2011. The Dark Side of Internet Freedom:The Net Delusion. New York: Public Affairs.
- Morozov, Evgeny. 2009. “The New Brave World of Slactivism.” Foreign Policy, Erişim tarihi 19 Mayıs 2009. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/05/19/the-brave-new-world-of-slacktivism/.
- Papacharissi, Zizi. 2002. “The Virtual Sphere: The Internet as a Public Sphere.” New Media & Society 4 (1): 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244. Polat, Rabia Karakaya. 2005. “The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Explanatory Links.” European Journal of Communication 20 (4): 435-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105058251.
- Pratnakis, Anthony ve Elliot Aronson. 2008. Propaganda Çağı: İknanın Gündelik Kullanımı ve Suistimali. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
- Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Shirky, Clay. 2008. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. London: Allen Lane.
- Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, The Political Change.” The Foreign Affairs, Erişim tarihi 1 Kasım 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2010-12-20/political-power-social-media.
- Shrestova, Sangita. 2016. “Watch 30 Minutes Video on Internet Become a Social Activist.” By Any Media Necessary: The New Youth Activism içinde, editör Julian Sefton- Green, 61-101 New York: New York University Press.
- Shulman, Stuart W. 2005. “The Internet Still Might (but Probably Won’t) Change Everything: Stakeholder Views on the Future of Electronic Rulemaking.” I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society 1 (1): 111-45.
- Sivitanides, Marcos ve Vivek Shah. 2011. “The Era Of Digital Activism.” International Journal of Information Technology Communications and Convergence 2 (4): 295-307. Thimsen, A. Freya. 2015. “Digital Petitions Against Corporate Rights: Slacktivist Democracy?” Review of Communication 15 (3): 221-39.
- Weare, Christopher. 2002. “The Internet and Democracy: The Causal Links.” International Journal of Public Administration 25 (5): 659-91. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120003294.
- Weber, Lori M., Alysha Loumakis ve James Bergman. 2003. “Who Participates and Why?: An Analysis of Citizens on the Internet and the Mass Public.” Social Science Computer Review 21 (1): 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439302238969.
- White, Micah. 2010. Clicktivism is Ruining Leftist Activism. Guardian, Erişim tarihi 12 Ağustos 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/12/clicktivism-ruining-leftist-activism.
- Yeğen, Ceren. 2014. “Dijital Aktivizmin Bir Türü Olarak Hacktivizm ve “RedHack” as a Sort of Digital Activism.” Intermedia International E-journal 1 (1): 118-32. Žižek, Slavoj. 1997. The Plague of Fantasies. London: Verso.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 5 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 |
