Öz
Yeni
medyada insanların ağlar üzerinden bir araya gelmesi, paylaşımda bulunması ve topluluk
oluşturması dijital hediyeleşme olarak adlandırılan farklı bir hediyeleşme anlayışının
ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Özellikle çevrimiçi hayran topluluklarında dijital
hediyeleşme pratiklerinin belirgin örnekleri görülmektedir. Türkiye’de de
anaakım medyada yer bulamayan animelere ilgi duyan hayranlar, interneti etkin
bir şekilde kullanarak topluluklar oluşturmakta; internette dolaşıma giren
animelere altyazı çevirmektedir. Bu
çalışmada anime hayranlarının ürettiği bu çeviriler, topluluğa ve
animeseverlere adanan dijital hediyeler olarak değerlendirilerek; hayran
topluluklarının altyazı çeviri pratikleri üzerinden dijital alandaki hediyeleşme
kültürünün dinamiklerinin anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de
etkin olarak altyazı çeviren bir hayran topluluğu olan Puzzle Fansub Topluluğu (PuzzleSubs) örneklem olarak seçilmiş;
araştırma yöntemi olarak niteliksel yöntem tercih edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda
çevrimiçi gözlemin yanı sıra site moderatörü ve kurucusu ile derinlemesine
görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hayran altyazısı topluluğu içerisinde içerik
üretimi sürecinde görev alan kullanıcılardan ise Google Form üzerinden
yapılandırılmış sorulara dayalı bir çevrimiçi görüşme formu aracılığı ile veri
toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda 17 katılımcı araştırmaya dâhil olmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hayran altyazısı fansub toplulukları hediyeleşme dijital hediye kullanıcı üretimi içerik
Kaynakça
- Adorno, Theodor W. 2009. Kültür Endüstrisi Kültür Yönetimi. 4. Basım. Çevirenler Nihat Ülner, Mustafa Tüzel ve Elçin Gen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Barbrook, Richard. 2005. “The Hi-Tech Gift Economy.” First Monday: Peer-Reviewed Journal on the Internet, no. Special Issue #3. Erişim tarihi 7 Aralık 2017. https://firstmonday.org/article/viewArticle/1517/1432.
- Barra, Luca. 2009. “The Mediation is the Message: Italian Regionalization of US TV Series as Co-creational Work.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 12 (5): 509-525.
- Bayar, S.C. 2012. “Online Practice of Fan-based Subtitles: The Case of Turkish Translators.” Yüksek lisans tezi, Erasmus University. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2105/11257.
- Bold, Bianca. 2011. “The Power of Fan Communities: An Overview of Fansubbing in Brazil.” Tradução em Revista 11 (2011/2): 1-19. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/18881/18881.PDF.
- Booth, Paul. 2010. Digital Fandom: New Media Studies. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
- Booth, Paul ve Peter Kelly. 2013. “The Changing Faces of Doctor Who Fandom: New Fans, New Technologies, Old Practices.” Participations 10, no. 1: 56-72. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. http://www.participations.org/Volume%2010/Issue%201/5%20Booth%20&%20Kelly%2010.1.pdf.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Çeviren Richard Nice. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Carey, James W. 2009. Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. 3. basım. New York: Routledge.
- Chandler, Daniel, ve Rod Munday. 2011. Oxford A Dictionary of Media and Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cheal, David. 1988. The Gift Economy. Londra: Routledge.
- Denison, Rayna. 2011. “Anime Fandom and the Liminal Spaces Between Fan Creativity and Piracy.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 14, no. 5: 449-66. Erişim tarihi 10 Eylül 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877910394565.
- DePalma, Donald A. ve Nataly Kelly. 2008. Translation of, for, and by the People: How User-Translated Content Projects Work in Real Life. Massachusetts: Common Sense Advisory.
- Dewey, John. 2004. Democracy and Education. 2. basım (1916 basımının eksiksiz basımı). New York: Dower Publications.
- Díaz Cintas, Jorge ve Pablo Muñoz Sánchez. 2006. “Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment.” Journal of Specialized Translation 6: 37-52. Erişim tarihi 10 Eylül 2018. https://www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_diaz_munoz.pdf.
- Dilmen, N. Emel ve Behlül Çalışkan. 2015. “Piyasa Dışı Kültürel Üretime Sundukları Katkıda Altyazı Çevirmenlerinin Motivasyonları.” Türk Sinemasının 100. Yılına Armağan içinde, editör Nurşen Mazıcı, 289-304. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi.
- Douglas, Mary. 2002. “Foreword.” The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies içinde, yazan Marcel Mauss, çeviren W. D. Halls, IX-XXIII. Londra: Routledge.
- Esposito, Roberto. 2010. Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community. 4. basım. Çeviren Timothy Campbell. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Flew, Terry. 2008. New Media: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Giesler, Marcus ve Mali Pohlmann. 2003. “The Anthropology of File Sharing: Consuming Napster as a Gift.” Advances in Consumer Research 30: 273-79.
- Gilbert, Jeremy. 2012. Antikapitalism ve Kültür: Radikal Teori ve Popüler Politika. Çeviren Tuğba Sağlam. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Gonzalez, Pérez Luis. 2007. “Fansubbing Anime: Insights into the ‘Butterfly Effect’ of Globalisation on Audiovisual Translation.” Perspectives 14, no. 4: 260-77. Erişim tarihi 15 Eylül 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760708669043.
- Hyde, Lewis. 2007. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 5. basım. New York: Vintage Books.
- Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.
- Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford ve Joshua Green. 2013. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Netwoked Culture. New York: New York University Press.
- Lee, Kyung-Hye. 2011. “Participatory Media Fandom: A Case Study of Anime Fansubbing.” Media, Culture & Society 33, no. 8: 1131-47. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2555296.
- Malinowski, Bronislaw. 2002. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Quinea. 10. basım. Londra: Routledge.
- Mauss, Marcel. 2002. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. 4. basım. Londra: Routledge.
- Merrin, William. 2005. Baudrillard and the Media: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- O'Hagan, Minako. 2009. “Evolution of User-generated Translation: Fansubs, Translation Hacking and Crowdsourcing.” The Journal of Internationalisation and Localisation 1 (1): 94-121. Erişim tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2018. https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.1.04hag.
- Okyayuz, Ayşe Şirin. 2017. “Examining the Translation and Scanlation of the Manga Naruto into Turkish from a Translator’s Perspective.” International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies 5, no. 3: 161-73. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2018. http://www.eltsjournal.org/archive/value5%20issue3/19-5-3-17.pdf.
- Pearson, Erika. 2007. “Digital Gifts: Participation and Gift Exchange in LiveJournal Communities.” First Monday: Peer-Reviewed Journal on the Internet 12, no. 5. Erişim tarihi 7 Aralık 2017. http://firstmoday.org/article/view/1835/1719.
- Pearson, Roberta. 2010. “Fandom in the Digital Era.” Popular Communication 8, no. 1: 84-95. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405700903502346.
- Rheingold, Howard. 2000. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on The Electronic Frontier. Revised edition. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- Romele, Alberto ve Marta Severo. 2016. “The Economy of the Digital Gift: From Socialism to Sociality Online.” Theory, Culture & Society 33 (5): 43-63. Erişim tarihi 2 Ocak 2018. Doi: 10.1177/0263276415619474.
- Ryan, Johnny. 2010. A History of The Internet and The Digital Future. Londra: Reaktion Books.
- Terranova, Tiziana. 2004. Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age. Londra: Pluto Press.
- Turk, Tisha. 2014. “Fan Work: Labor, Worth, and Participation in Fandom’s Gift Economy.” Editörler Mel Stanfill ve Megan Condis. Transformative Works and Cultures (special issue / Fandom and/as Labor) 15. Erişim tarihi 7 Aralık 2017. http://journal.transformat_veworks.org/_ndex.php/twc/art_cle/v_ew/518/428.
- van Dijck, José. 2009. “Users Like You? Theorizing Agency in User-generated Content.” Media, Culture & Society 31, no. 1: 41-58. Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2018. Doi: 10.1177/0163443708098245.
- Yıldız, Mehmet. 2017. “Pirates (!) Strike Back: Turkish Fansubbers Standing up for Fansubbing.” COMU International Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 3: 39-56. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2018. Doi: 10.31454/usb.381453.
Öz
People gathering on networks, sharing and forming communities through new media, have caused a new conception of gift giving, called digital gift giving. Especially, significant examples of digital gift giving practices are observed in online fan communities. In Turkey the fans who are interested in animes, which are not accessible through mainstream media, use the internet to assemble online and form communities, and are involved in fansubbing practices. Within this study, the fan produced subs are seen as gifts to the community and to the anime lovers. It is aimed to understand the dynamics of digital gift giving culture through the subtitling practices of fan communities. In this article an active Puzzle Fansub community, Puzzle Fansub, is chosen as a sample. Qualitative research method is used in this article. In this context, online observations as well as in-depth interviews with the site’s moderator and founder were realised. In addition, a structured online questionnaire through Google Form is used to obtain data from the users involved in content production. Within this scope 17 participants were involved in the online questionnaire.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Fansubbing fansub communities gift giving digital gift user generated content
Kaynakça
- Adorno, Theodor W. 2009. Kültür Endüstrisi Kültür Yönetimi. 4. Basım. Çevirenler Nihat Ülner, Mustafa Tüzel ve Elçin Gen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Barbrook, Richard. 2005. “The Hi-Tech Gift Economy.” First Monday: Peer-Reviewed Journal on the Internet, no. Special Issue #3. Erişim tarihi 7 Aralık 2017. https://firstmonday.org/article/viewArticle/1517/1432.
- Barra, Luca. 2009. “The Mediation is the Message: Italian Regionalization of US TV Series as Co-creational Work.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 12 (5): 509-525.
- Bayar, S.C. 2012. “Online Practice of Fan-based Subtitles: The Case of Turkish Translators.” Yüksek lisans tezi, Erasmus University. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2105/11257.
- Bold, Bianca. 2011. “The Power of Fan Communities: An Overview of Fansubbing in Brazil.” Tradução em Revista 11 (2011/2): 1-19. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/18881/18881.PDF.
- Booth, Paul. 2010. Digital Fandom: New Media Studies. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
- Booth, Paul ve Peter Kelly. 2013. “The Changing Faces of Doctor Who Fandom: New Fans, New Technologies, Old Practices.” Participations 10, no. 1: 56-72. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. http://www.participations.org/Volume%2010/Issue%201/5%20Booth%20&%20Kelly%2010.1.pdf.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Çeviren Richard Nice. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Carey, James W. 2009. Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. 3. basım. New York: Routledge.
- Chandler, Daniel, ve Rod Munday. 2011. Oxford A Dictionary of Media and Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cheal, David. 1988. The Gift Economy. Londra: Routledge.
- Denison, Rayna. 2011. “Anime Fandom and the Liminal Spaces Between Fan Creativity and Piracy.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 14, no. 5: 449-66. Erişim tarihi 10 Eylül 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877910394565.
- DePalma, Donald A. ve Nataly Kelly. 2008. Translation of, for, and by the People: How User-Translated Content Projects Work in Real Life. Massachusetts: Common Sense Advisory.
- Dewey, John. 2004. Democracy and Education. 2. basım (1916 basımının eksiksiz basımı). New York: Dower Publications.
- Díaz Cintas, Jorge ve Pablo Muñoz Sánchez. 2006. “Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment.” Journal of Specialized Translation 6: 37-52. Erişim tarihi 10 Eylül 2018. https://www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_diaz_munoz.pdf.
- Dilmen, N. Emel ve Behlül Çalışkan. 2015. “Piyasa Dışı Kültürel Üretime Sundukları Katkıda Altyazı Çevirmenlerinin Motivasyonları.” Türk Sinemasının 100. Yılına Armağan içinde, editör Nurşen Mazıcı, 289-304. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi.
- Douglas, Mary. 2002. “Foreword.” The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies içinde, yazan Marcel Mauss, çeviren W. D. Halls, IX-XXIII. Londra: Routledge.
- Esposito, Roberto. 2010. Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community. 4. basım. Çeviren Timothy Campbell. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Flew, Terry. 2008. New Media: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Giesler, Marcus ve Mali Pohlmann. 2003. “The Anthropology of File Sharing: Consuming Napster as a Gift.” Advances in Consumer Research 30: 273-79.
- Gilbert, Jeremy. 2012. Antikapitalism ve Kültür: Radikal Teori ve Popüler Politika. Çeviren Tuğba Sağlam. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Gonzalez, Pérez Luis. 2007. “Fansubbing Anime: Insights into the ‘Butterfly Effect’ of Globalisation on Audiovisual Translation.” Perspectives 14, no. 4: 260-77. Erişim tarihi 15 Eylül 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760708669043.
- Hyde, Lewis. 2007. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 5. basım. New York: Vintage Books.
- Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.
- Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford ve Joshua Green. 2013. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Netwoked Culture. New York: New York University Press.
- Lee, Kyung-Hye. 2011. “Participatory Media Fandom: A Case Study of Anime Fansubbing.” Media, Culture & Society 33, no. 8: 1131-47. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2555296.
- Malinowski, Bronislaw. 2002. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Quinea. 10. basım. Londra: Routledge.
- Mauss, Marcel. 2002. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. 4. basım. Londra: Routledge.
- Merrin, William. 2005. Baudrillard and the Media: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- O'Hagan, Minako. 2009. “Evolution of User-generated Translation: Fansubs, Translation Hacking and Crowdsourcing.” The Journal of Internationalisation and Localisation 1 (1): 94-121. Erişim tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2018. https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.1.04hag.
- Okyayuz, Ayşe Şirin. 2017. “Examining the Translation and Scanlation of the Manga Naruto into Turkish from a Translator’s Perspective.” International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies 5, no. 3: 161-73. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2018. http://www.eltsjournal.org/archive/value5%20issue3/19-5-3-17.pdf.
- Pearson, Erika. 2007. “Digital Gifts: Participation and Gift Exchange in LiveJournal Communities.” First Monday: Peer-Reviewed Journal on the Internet 12, no. 5. Erişim tarihi 7 Aralık 2017. http://firstmoday.org/article/view/1835/1719.
- Pearson, Roberta. 2010. “Fandom in the Digital Era.” Popular Communication 8, no. 1: 84-95. Erişim tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405700903502346.
- Rheingold, Howard. 2000. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on The Electronic Frontier. Revised edition. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- Romele, Alberto ve Marta Severo. 2016. “The Economy of the Digital Gift: From Socialism to Sociality Online.” Theory, Culture & Society 33 (5): 43-63. Erişim tarihi 2 Ocak 2018. Doi: 10.1177/0263276415619474.
- Ryan, Johnny. 2010. A History of The Internet and The Digital Future. Londra: Reaktion Books.
- Terranova, Tiziana. 2004. Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age. Londra: Pluto Press.
- Turk, Tisha. 2014. “Fan Work: Labor, Worth, and Participation in Fandom’s Gift Economy.” Editörler Mel Stanfill ve Megan Condis. Transformative Works and Cultures (special issue / Fandom and/as Labor) 15. Erişim tarihi 7 Aralık 2017. http://journal.transformat_veworks.org/_ndex.php/twc/art_cle/v_ew/518/428.
- van Dijck, José. 2009. “Users Like You? Theorizing Agency in User-generated Content.” Media, Culture & Society 31, no. 1: 41-58. Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2018. Doi: 10.1177/0163443708098245.
- Yıldız, Mehmet. 2017. “Pirates (!) Strike Back: Turkish Fansubbers Standing up for Fansubbing.” COMU International Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 3: 39-56. Erişim tarihi 3 Ağustos 2018. Doi: 10.31454/usb.381453.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 14 Haziran 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |