Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim

Halise Karaaslan Şanlı; Elif Bozkurt

doi:10.24955/ilef.1306658

Araştırma Makalesi

Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim

Yıl 2023, , 135 - 162, 29.05.2023

Halise Karaaslan Şanlı , Elif Bozkurt

https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1306658

Öz

Farkındalık yaratmak, politika ve eylemlere destek oluşturmak için yüzyıllardır çağının mevcut iletişim stratejilerini kullandığı bilinen, farklı sosyal bilim alanlarınca konu edinilen aktivistler, yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası kampanyalarla iletişim araştırmalarının içine dâhil olmuştur. Son yirmi yılda ise aktivizm ve toplumsal hareketler, halkla ilişkiler tarihi ve teorisinin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmiştir. Halkla ilişkiler araştırmacılarının yanı sıra halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcıları da aktivizm üzerine düşünmeye başlamıştır. Son yıllarda, bu düşünme ortaklığının, yeni bir halkla ilişkiler teorisi olan ‘aktivist halkla ilişkiler’in disiplin içinde kabulü ile sonuçlandığını söyleyebiliriz. Halkla ilişkileri, politik bir değişim aracı olarak tanımlayarak halkla ilişkilerin demokratik işleyişteki yerini sorgulayan, farkındalığı arttırarak sosyal fayda üretme potansiyelini öne çıkaran kamu merkezli tartışmalarla aktivist halkla ilişkiler teorisi, disiplinin amaç, misyon, değer, etik, güç ve etki alanını yeniden tartışmaya açmıştır. Alanın geleceği açısından oldukça önemli olan bu tartışmalarla ‘kurum’, ‘kamu’, ‘güç’ gibi kavramlar, halkla ilişkiler tartışmaları içinde yeniden anlam kazanmıştır. Anaakım ve işlevsel halkla ilişkiler yaklaşımına karşı eleştirel paradigmalar içinde yerini alan aktivist halkla ilişkiler teorisinin gelişimini, taktik ve stratejilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde sunabilmek, bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aktivizm, aktivist halkla ilişkiler, halkla ilişkiler teorisi, eleştirel halkla ilişkiler, toplumsal hareketler

Kaynakça

Adi, Ana. 2018. Protest Public Relations: Communicating Dissent And Activism. London: Routledge.
Alwood, Edward. 2015. “The Role of Public Relations in The Gay Rights Movement, 1950-1969.” Journalism History 41 (1): 11. https://doi.org/10.10 80/00947679.2015.12059117
Anderson, Deborah S. 1992. “Identifying And Responding to Activist Publics: A Case Study.” Journal of Public Relations Research 4: 151–165. https://doi. org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0403_02.
Berger, Bruce K. 2005. “Power Over, Power With, and Power to Relations: Critical Reflections on Public Relations, the Dominant Coalition, and Activism.” Journal of Public Relations Research, 17:1, 5-28. https//doi. org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1701_3.
Botan, Carl H. 2006. “Grand Strategy, Strategy, And Tactics in Public Relations.” Public Relations Theory II içinde, editörler Carl H. Botan ve Vincent Hazleton, 223-248. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Botan, Carl H. ve Maureen Taylor. 2004. “Public Relations: State of the Field.” Journal of Communication 54, 645–661. https//doi. org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02649.x.
Bowers, John W. ve Donovan J. Ochs. 1971. The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control. Massachusetts: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
Ciszek, Erica. 2014. “Identity, Culture, And Articulation: A Critical-Cultural Analysis of Strategic LGBT Advocacy Outreach.” Doktora tezi, Oregon Üniversitesi.
Ciszek, Erica. 2015. “Bridging The Gap: Mapping The Relationship Between Activism And Public Relations.” Public Relations Review 41: 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.05.016.
Coombs, Timothy W. ve Sherry J. Holladay. 2012. “Fringe Public Relations: How Activism Moves Critical PR Toward The Mainstream.” Public Relations Review 38: 880– 887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.02.008.
Coombs, Timothy W. ve Sherry J. Holladay. 2014. It’s Not Just PR: Public Relations in Society. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Crable, Richard ve Steven Vibbert. 1985. “Managing Issues and Influencing Public Policy.” Public Relations Review, 11: 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0363-8111(82)80114-8.
Curtin, Patricia A. ve Kenn T. Gaither. 2005. “Privileging Identity, Difference, And Power: The Circuit of Culture As A Basis for Public Relations Theory.” Journal of Public Relations Research 17: 91-115. https://doi. org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1702_3.
Demetrious, Kristin. 2008. “Activist Public Relations.” The International Encyclopedia of Communication içinde, editör Wolfgang Donsbach. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbieca076.
Demetrious, Kristin. 2013. Public Relations, Activism And Social Change: Speaking Up. New York: Routledge.
Derville, Tiffany. 2005. “Radical Activist Tactics: Overturning Public Relations Conceptualizations.” Public Relations Review 31 (4): 527–533. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.08.012.
Edwards, Lee. 2012. “Defining The ‘Object’ of Public Relations Research: A New Starting Point.” Public Relations Inquiry 1 (1): 7–30. https://doi. org/10.1177/2046147X11422149.
Grunig, James E. ve Todd Hunt. 1984. Managing Public Relations. New York: CBS College.
Grunig, Larissa A. 1992. “Activisim: How it limits the Effectiveness of Organizations and How Excellent Public Relations Departments Respond.” Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management içinde, editör James E. Grunig. Hillsdale, 503-530. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gülal-Şahin, Emine. 2021. “Dijitalleşme Çağında Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Uluslararası Literatür Üzerine Bir Analiz.” MEDIAJ 4 (2): 108-138. https://doi.org/10.33464/mediaj.1004598.
Hallahan, Kirk, Derina Holtzhausen, Betteke van Ruler, Dejan Vercic ve Krishnamurthy Sriramesh. 2007. “Defining Strategic Communication.” International Journal of Strategic Communication 1 (1): 3–35. https://doi. org/10.1080/15531180701285244.
Heath, Robert L. 2002. “Issues Management: Its Past, Present and Future.” Journal of Public Affairs: An International Journal 2(4): 209–214. https://doi. org/10.1002/pa.114.
Holtzhausen, Derina R. 2007. “Activism.” The Future of Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management: Challenges for The Next Generation içinde, editör Elizabeth L. Toth, 357-379. New York: Routledge.
Holtzhausen, Derina R. 2012. Public Relations as Activism: Postmodern Approaches to Theory and Practice. New York, Routledge.
Holtzhausen, Derina R. ve Rosina Voto. 2002. “Resistance From The Margins: The Postmodern Public Relations Practitioner as Organizational Activist.” Journal of Public Relations Research 14(1): 57-84. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S1532754XJPRR1401_3.
İcil-Tuncer, Aslı. 2019. “Postmodernizm Ardalanında Halkla İlişkilerin Aktivist Rolüne Yönelik Bir Arayış.” OPUS 10 (17): 973-1001. https://doi. org/10.26466/opus.522169.
Jackson, Patrick. 1982. “Tactics of Confrontation.” The Public Affairs Handbook içinde, editör Joseph Nagelschmidt, 211-220. New York: American Management Association.
Jahng, Mi Rosie, Seoyeon Hong ve Eun Hae Park. 2014. “How Radical Is Radical? Understanding The Role of Activists’ Communication Strategies on The Formation of Public Attitude and Evaluation.” Public Relations Review 40 (1): 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.11.004.
Jaques, Tony. 2006. “Activist “Rules” and The Convergence With Issue Management.” Journal of Communication Management 10 (4), 407-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540610714836.
Karaaslan-Şanlı, Halise ve Elif Bozkurt. 2022. “Aktivizm ve Halkla İlişkiler Üzerine Çarpışan Paradigmalar: Anti-Aktivist Söylemden Aktivist Halkla İlişkilere Uzanan Yolun Haritası.” Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13 (1): 63-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33537/ sobild.2022.13.1.6.
Karlberg, Michael. 1996. “Remembering The Publics in Public Relations Research: From Theoretical to Operational Symmetry.” Journal of Public Relations Research 8(4): 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s1532754xjprr0804_03.
L’Etang, Jacquie. 2013. Sports Public Relations. London, England: Sage.
L’Etang, Jacquie. 2016. “Public Relations, Activism and Social Movements: Critical Perspectives.” Public Relations Inquiry 5(3): 207–211. https://doi. org/10.1177/2046147X16675665.
Martin, Brian. 2007. “Activism, Social and Political.” Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Vol. 1 içinde, editörler Gary L. Anderson ve Kathryn G. Herr, 19-27. London: SAGE Reference.
Obregon, Rafael. 2014. “Emerging Issues in Strategic Communication for Development Social Change.” The Handbook of Development Communication and Social Change içinde, editörler Karin G. Wilkins, Thomas Tufte ve Rafael Obregon, 321-327. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Pelenk-Özel, Aybike. 2014. “Halkla İlişkiler ve Aktivizm İlişkisine Kuramsal Bir Yaklaşım.” Halkla İlişkilerde Yeni Yaklaşımlar içinde, editör Hale Bozkurt, xI- Ixix. İstanbul: Paradigma Akademi Yay.
Pieczka, Magda. 2006. “Paradigms, Systems Theory and Public Relations.” Public Relations: Critical Debates And Contemporary Practice içinde, editörler Jacquie L’Etang ve Magda Pieczka, 333-358. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pompper, Donnalyn, Katie R. Place ve C. Kay Weaver. 2022. The Routledge Companion to Public Relations. London: Routledge.
Reber, Bryan H. ve Bruce K. Berger. 2005. “Framing Analysis of Activist Rhetoric: How the Sierra Club Succeeds or Fails at Creating Salient Messages.” Public Relations Review 31 (2): 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2005.02.020.
Reber, Bryan H. ve Jun Kyo Kim. 2006. “How Activist Groups Use Websites in Media Relations: Evaluating Online Press Rooms.” Journal of Public Relations Research 18 (4): 313- 333. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s1532754xjprr1804_2.
Sancar, Gaye Aslı. 2017. “Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler Bağlamında WWF Dünya Saati Kampanya Örneği.” Erciyes İletişim Dergisi 5 (1): 2-18. https://doi. org/10.17680/erciyesakademia.291883.
Smith, Michael F. 2005. “Activism.” Encyclopedia of Public Relations içinde, editör Robert L. Heath, 5-9. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Smith, Michael F. ve Denise P. Ferguson. 2001. “Activism.” Handbook of Public Relations içinde, editör Robert L. Heath, 291-300. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sommerfeldt, Erich. 2011. “Activist E-mail Action Alerts and Identification: Rhetorical Relationship Building Strategies in Collective Action.” Public Relations Review 37 (1): 87-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2010.10.003.
Sommerfeldt, Erich. 2013. “Online Power Resource Management: Activist Resource Mobilization, Communication Strategy, and Organizational Structure.” Journal of Public Relations Research 25 (4): 347-367. https://doi. org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.806871.
Taylor, Maureen, Michael L. Kent ve William J. White. 2001. “How Activist Organizations are Using the Internet to Build Relationships.” Public Relations Review, 27 (3): 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363- 8111(01)00086-8.
Taylor, Maureen ve Michael L. Kent. 2022. “Paradigm Shifts in Public Relations Theory.” The Routledge Companion to Public Relations içinde, editörler Donnalyn Pompper, Katie R. Place ve C. Kay Weaver, 103-114. London: Routledge.
Taylor, Verta ve Nella Van Dyke. 2004. “‘Get Up, Stand Up’: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements.” The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements içinde, editörler David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule ve Hanspeter Kriesi, 262-293. Oxford: Blackwell.
Weaver, Kay C. 2010. “Carnivalesque Activism as a Public Relations Genre: A Case Study of The New Zealand Group Mothers Against Genetic Engineering.” Public Relations Review 36: 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2009.09.001.
Weaver, Kay C. 2014. “Mothers, Bodies, and Breasts: Organizing Strategies and Tactics in Women’s Activism.” Gender and Public Relations: Critical Perspectives on Voice, Image and Identity içinde, editörler Christine Daikon ve Kristin Demetrious, 108-131, New York: Routledge.
Werder, Kelly Page. 2006. “Exploring the Link Between Strategy and Tactic: An Analysis of Strategic Message Content in News Releases.” The Ninth International Public Relations Research Conference Proceedings içinde, editör Marcia Watson DiStaso, 574-583. Gainesville, FL: Institute for Public Relations.
Woods, Chelsea L. 2017. “The Outsiders: Understanding How Activists Use Issues Management to Challenge Corporate Behavior.” Doktora tezi, Kentucky Üniversitesi.

Activist Public Relations in Theory and Practice: Communication for Society and Social Change

Yıl 2023, , 135 - 162, 29.05.2023

Halise Karaaslan Şanlı , Elif Bozkurt

https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1306658

Öz

For centuries, activists have used the communication strategies of their age to raise awareness and to promote policies. They and their local, national, and international campaigns have been the subject of countless studies in the field of communications and other branches of the social sciences. Over the last two decades, activism and social movements have also become a special focus of practitioners and researchers in the field of public relations history and theory, resulting in the rise of a new public relations theory, “activist public relations,” within the discipline. By defining public relations as tool for political change, exploring its role in the functioning of democratic societies, and highlighting the societal benefits of awareness-raising campaigns, activist public relations theory has reopened discussions about the purpose, mission, value, ethics, power, and influence of the discipline. Through these discussions, which are vital to the future of the field, concepts such as “institution,” “public,” and “power” have gained new meanings in public relations discourse. The aim of this article is to present the development, tactics, and strategies of activist public relations theory as a critical paradigm and alternative to mainstream and functionalist approaches to public relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Activism, activist public relations, public relations theory, critical public relations, social movements

Kaynakça

Adi, Ana. 2018. Protest Public Relations: Communicating Dissent And Activism. London: Routledge.
Alwood, Edward. 2015. “The Role of Public Relations in The Gay Rights Movement, 1950-1969.” Journalism History 41 (1): 11. https://doi.org/10.10 80/00947679.2015.12059117
Anderson, Deborah S. 1992. “Identifying And Responding to Activist Publics: A Case Study.” Journal of Public Relations Research 4: 151–165. https://doi. org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0403_02.
Berger, Bruce K. 2005. “Power Over, Power With, and Power to Relations: Critical Reflections on Public Relations, the Dominant Coalition, and Activism.” Journal of Public Relations Research, 17:1, 5-28. https//doi. org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1701_3.
Botan, Carl H. 2006. “Grand Strategy, Strategy, And Tactics in Public Relations.” Public Relations Theory II içinde, editörler Carl H. Botan ve Vincent Hazleton, 223-248. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Botan, Carl H. ve Maureen Taylor. 2004. “Public Relations: State of the Field.” Journal of Communication 54, 645–661. https//doi. org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02649.x.
Bowers, John W. ve Donovan J. Ochs. 1971. The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control. Massachusetts: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
Ciszek, Erica. 2014. “Identity, Culture, And Articulation: A Critical-Cultural Analysis of Strategic LGBT Advocacy Outreach.” Doktora tezi, Oregon Üniversitesi.
Ciszek, Erica. 2015. “Bridging The Gap: Mapping The Relationship Between Activism And Public Relations.” Public Relations Review 41: 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.05.016.
Coombs, Timothy W. ve Sherry J. Holladay. 2012. “Fringe Public Relations: How Activism Moves Critical PR Toward The Mainstream.” Public Relations Review 38: 880– 887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.02.008.
Coombs, Timothy W. ve Sherry J. Holladay. 2014. It’s Not Just PR: Public Relations in Society. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Crable, Richard ve Steven Vibbert. 1985. “Managing Issues and Influencing Public Policy.” Public Relations Review, 11: 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0363-8111(82)80114-8.
Curtin, Patricia A. ve Kenn T. Gaither. 2005. “Privileging Identity, Difference, And Power: The Circuit of Culture As A Basis for Public Relations Theory.” Journal of Public Relations Research 17: 91-115. https://doi. org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1702_3.
Demetrious, Kristin. 2008. “Activist Public Relations.” The International Encyclopedia of Communication içinde, editör Wolfgang Donsbach. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbieca076.
Demetrious, Kristin. 2013. Public Relations, Activism And Social Change: Speaking Up. New York: Routledge.
Derville, Tiffany. 2005. “Radical Activist Tactics: Overturning Public Relations Conceptualizations.” Public Relations Review 31 (4): 527–533. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.08.012.
Edwards, Lee. 2012. “Defining The ‘Object’ of Public Relations Research: A New Starting Point.” Public Relations Inquiry 1 (1): 7–30. https://doi. org/10.1177/2046147X11422149.
Grunig, James E. ve Todd Hunt. 1984. Managing Public Relations. New York: CBS College.
Grunig, Larissa A. 1992. “Activisim: How it limits the Effectiveness of Organizations and How Excellent Public Relations Departments Respond.” Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management içinde, editör James E. Grunig. Hillsdale, 503-530. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gülal-Şahin, Emine. 2021. “Dijitalleşme Çağında Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Uluslararası Literatür Üzerine Bir Analiz.” MEDIAJ 4 (2): 108-138. https://doi.org/10.33464/mediaj.1004598.
Hallahan, Kirk, Derina Holtzhausen, Betteke van Ruler, Dejan Vercic ve Krishnamurthy Sriramesh. 2007. “Defining Strategic Communication.” International Journal of Strategic Communication 1 (1): 3–35. https://doi. org/10.1080/15531180701285244.
Heath, Robert L. 2002. “Issues Management: Its Past, Present and Future.” Journal of Public Affairs: An International Journal 2(4): 209–214. https://doi. org/10.1002/pa.114.
Holtzhausen, Derina R. 2007. “Activism.” The Future of Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management: Challenges for The Next Generation içinde, editör Elizabeth L. Toth, 357-379. New York: Routledge.
Holtzhausen, Derina R. 2012. Public Relations as Activism: Postmodern Approaches to Theory and Practice. New York, Routledge.
Holtzhausen, Derina R. ve Rosina Voto. 2002. “Resistance From The Margins: The Postmodern Public Relations Practitioner as Organizational Activist.” Journal of Public Relations Research 14(1): 57-84. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S1532754XJPRR1401_3.
İcil-Tuncer, Aslı. 2019. “Postmodernizm Ardalanında Halkla İlişkilerin Aktivist Rolüne Yönelik Bir Arayış.” OPUS 10 (17): 973-1001. https://doi. org/10.26466/opus.522169.
Jackson, Patrick. 1982. “Tactics of Confrontation.” The Public Affairs Handbook içinde, editör Joseph Nagelschmidt, 211-220. New York: American Management Association.
Jahng, Mi Rosie, Seoyeon Hong ve Eun Hae Park. 2014. “How Radical Is Radical? Understanding The Role of Activists’ Communication Strategies on The Formation of Public Attitude and Evaluation.” Public Relations Review 40 (1): 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.11.004.
Jaques, Tony. 2006. “Activist “Rules” and The Convergence With Issue Management.” Journal of Communication Management 10 (4), 407-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540610714836.
Karaaslan-Şanlı, Halise ve Elif Bozkurt. 2022. “Aktivizm ve Halkla İlişkiler Üzerine Çarpışan Paradigmalar: Anti-Aktivist Söylemden Aktivist Halkla İlişkilere Uzanan Yolun Haritası.” Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13 (1): 63-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33537/ sobild.2022.13.1.6.
Karlberg, Michael. 1996. “Remembering The Publics in Public Relations Research: From Theoretical to Operational Symmetry.” Journal of Public Relations Research 8(4): 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s1532754xjprr0804_03.
L’Etang, Jacquie. 2013. Sports Public Relations. London, England: Sage.
L’Etang, Jacquie. 2016. “Public Relations, Activism and Social Movements: Critical Perspectives.” Public Relations Inquiry 5(3): 207–211. https://doi. org/10.1177/2046147X16675665.
Martin, Brian. 2007. “Activism, Social and Political.” Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Vol. 1 içinde, editörler Gary L. Anderson ve Kathryn G. Herr, 19-27. London: SAGE Reference.
Obregon, Rafael. 2014. “Emerging Issues in Strategic Communication for Development Social Change.” The Handbook of Development Communication and Social Change içinde, editörler Karin G. Wilkins, Thomas Tufte ve Rafael Obregon, 321-327. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Pelenk-Özel, Aybike. 2014. “Halkla İlişkiler ve Aktivizm İlişkisine Kuramsal Bir Yaklaşım.” Halkla İlişkilerde Yeni Yaklaşımlar içinde, editör Hale Bozkurt, xI- Ixix. İstanbul: Paradigma Akademi Yay.
Pieczka, Magda. 2006. “Paradigms, Systems Theory and Public Relations.” Public Relations: Critical Debates And Contemporary Practice içinde, editörler Jacquie L’Etang ve Magda Pieczka, 333-358. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pompper, Donnalyn, Katie R. Place ve C. Kay Weaver. 2022. The Routledge Companion to Public Relations. London: Routledge.
Reber, Bryan H. ve Bruce K. Berger. 2005. “Framing Analysis of Activist Rhetoric: How the Sierra Club Succeeds or Fails at Creating Salient Messages.” Public Relations Review 31 (2): 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2005.02.020.
Reber, Bryan H. ve Jun Kyo Kim. 2006. “How Activist Groups Use Websites in Media Relations: Evaluating Online Press Rooms.” Journal of Public Relations Research 18 (4): 313- 333. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s1532754xjprr1804_2.
Sancar, Gaye Aslı. 2017. “Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler Bağlamında WWF Dünya Saati Kampanya Örneği.” Erciyes İletişim Dergisi 5 (1): 2-18. https://doi. org/10.17680/erciyesakademia.291883.
Smith, Michael F. 2005. “Activism.” Encyclopedia of Public Relations içinde, editör Robert L. Heath, 5-9. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Smith, Michael F. ve Denise P. Ferguson. 2001. “Activism.” Handbook of Public Relations içinde, editör Robert L. Heath, 291-300. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sommerfeldt, Erich. 2011. “Activist E-mail Action Alerts and Identification: Rhetorical Relationship Building Strategies in Collective Action.” Public Relations Review 37 (1): 87-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2010.10.003.
Sommerfeldt, Erich. 2013. “Online Power Resource Management: Activist Resource Mobilization, Communication Strategy, and Organizational Structure.” Journal of Public Relations Research 25 (4): 347-367. https://doi. org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.806871.
Taylor, Maureen, Michael L. Kent ve William J. White. 2001. “How Activist Organizations are Using the Internet to Build Relationships.” Public Relations Review, 27 (3): 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363- 8111(01)00086-8.
Taylor, Maureen ve Michael L. Kent. 2022. “Paradigm Shifts in Public Relations Theory.” The Routledge Companion to Public Relations içinde, editörler Donnalyn Pompper, Katie R. Place ve C. Kay Weaver, 103-114. London: Routledge.
Taylor, Verta ve Nella Van Dyke. 2004. “‘Get Up, Stand Up’: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements.” The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements içinde, editörler David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule ve Hanspeter Kriesi, 262-293. Oxford: Blackwell.
Weaver, Kay C. 2010. “Carnivalesque Activism as a Public Relations Genre: A Case Study of The New Zealand Group Mothers Against Genetic Engineering.” Public Relations Review 36: 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2009.09.001.
Weaver, Kay C. 2014. “Mothers, Bodies, and Breasts: Organizing Strategies and Tactics in Women’s Activism.” Gender and Public Relations: Critical Perspectives on Voice, Image and Identity içinde, editörler Christine Daikon ve Kristin Demetrious, 108-131, New York: Routledge.
Werder, Kelly Page. 2006. “Exploring the Link Between Strategy and Tactic: An Analysis of Strategic Message Content in News Releases.” The Ninth International Public Relations Research Conference Proceedings içinde, editör Marcia Watson DiStaso, 574-583. Gainesville, FL: Institute for Public Relations.
Woods, Chelsea L. 2017. “The Outsiders: Understanding How Activists Use Issues Management to Challenge Corporate Behavior.” Doktora tezi, Kentucky Üniversitesi.

Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Halise Karaaslan Şanlı 0000-0002-6840-6096 Elif Bozkurt 0000-0003-1126-205X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	29 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA	Karaaslan Şanlı, H., & Bozkurt, E. (2023). Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, 10(1), 135-162. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1306658
AMA	Karaaslan Şanlı H, Bozkurt E. Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. Mayıs 2023;10(1):135-162. doi:10.24955/ilef.1306658
Chicago	Karaaslan Şanlı, Halise, ve Elif Bozkurt. “Teoride Ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum Ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 10, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2023): 135-62. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1306658.
EndNote	Karaaslan Şanlı H, Bozkurt E (01 Mayıs 2023) Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 10 1 135–162.
IEEE	H. Karaaslan Şanlı ve E. Bozkurt, “Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 135–162, 2023, doi: 10.24955/ilef.1306658.
ISNAD	Karaaslan Şanlı, Halise - Bozkurt, Elif. “Teoride Ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum Ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 10/1 (Mayıs 2023), 135-162. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.1306658.
JAMA	Karaaslan Şanlı H, Bozkurt E. Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. 2023;10:135–162.
MLA	Karaaslan Şanlı, Halise ve Elif Bozkurt. “Teoride Ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum Ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 135-62, doi:10.24955/ilef.1306658.
Vancouver	Karaaslan Şanlı H, Bozkurt E. Teoride ve Uygulamada Aktivist Halkla İlişkiler: Toplum ve Toplumsal Değişim için İletişim. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. 2023;10(1):135-62.

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