Öz
Selda Tunç Subaşi
https://orcid.org/
seldatun@gmail.com
Öz
Yeni Alman sineması auteur yönetmenlerinden Werner Herzog, özellikle bazı filmlerinde sıklıkla yerli imgelerini kullanır: Tanrının Gazabı, Aguirre (The Wrath of God, Aguirre) (1972), Herkes Kendi Başına ve Tanrı Herkese Karşı, (Enigma of Kasper Hauser) (1974), Fitzcarraldo (1982), Düşlerin Ağırlığı (Burden of Dreams) (1982), Küçük Askerin Şarkısı (Ballad of the Little Soldier) (1984), Yeşil Karıncaların Düş Gördüğü Yer (Where the Green Ants Dream) (1984), Yeşil Kobra (Cobra Verde) (1987). Bu filmlerdeki yerli imgelerin ortaya çıktığı coğrafyalar, Avrupa’nın ekonomik ve kültürel sömürüsüne maruz kalan eski sömürge topraklarıdır. Herzog filmlerindeki yerli imgeler, bu çalışmada, kolonyal ve postkolonyal yaklaşımlar perspektifinde incelenecektir. Bu doğrultuda temel amaç, Herzog filmlerindeki yerli imgelerinin toplumsal bellekte nasıl bir yeri olduğunu tartışmaktır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı ise bölgelerin sömürge tarihinin yönetmenin filmlerinin merkezinde yer aldığı iddiasıdır. Ayrıca Alman kolonyal tarihinde önemli bir popüler imge olan Karl May’in Winnetou karakteri, “soylu vahşi” (noble savage) kavramına atıfla irdelenecektir. Sözü edilen filmler, metin çözümlemesi yöntemi ile analiz edilecektir. Çalışmanın temel bulgusu, yönetmenin filmlerinde yarattığı imgelerin sömürge tarihini dışlamaktan çok bu tarihi içerdiği yönündedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Werner Herzog kolonyalizm postkolonyalizm soylu vahşi yerli imgeler
Kaynakça
- Adams, Caroline Frances. 2019. “Imagining ‘Indianer’: Karl May's Winnetou and Germans' Enduring Fantasies about Native Americans.” Lisans tezi, Middletown Connecticut, Wesleyan University.
- Ascárate, Richard John. 2007. “‘Have You Ever Seen a Shrunken Head?’: The Early Modern Roots of Ecstatic Truth in Werner Herzog’s Fitzcarraldo.” Modern Language Association of America 122 (2): 483-501.
- Bilis, Pınar Özgökbel. 2017. “Alman Sineması: Yıldızı Bir Parlayan Bir Sönen Ülke Sineması Üzerine Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme.” İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi (52): 89-108.
- Bolz, Peter ve Ann Davis. 2003. “Do Germans Really Love Indians?” Great Plains Quarterly 23 (3): 193-97.
- Boyer, Patricio. 2011. “Fantasy and Imperial Discourse in Herzog's Aguirre, the Wrath of God.” Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 20 (3): 261-79.
- Calloway, Colin Gordon, Gerd Gemünden ve Susanne Zantop. 2002. Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections. Londra: University of Nebraska Press.
- Carter, Erica. 2012. “Werner Herzog’s African Sublime.” A Companion to Werner Herzog içinde, editör Brad Prager, 329-55. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Combee, Jerry ve Martin Plax. 1973. “Rousseau's Noble Savage and European Self-Consciousness.” Modern Age 17 (2): 173-82.
- Corrigan, Timothy. 1986. “Producing Herzog: From a Body of Images.” The Films of Werner Herzog: Between Mirage and History içinde, editör Timothy Corrigan, 3-19. New York, Londra: Methuen.
- Corrigan, Timothy. 2014. The Films of Werner Herzog: Between Mirage and History. Londra, New York: Routledge.
- Cronin, Paul. 2002. Herzog on Herzog. New York: Faber & Faber.
- Davidson, John E. 1993. “As Others Put Plays upon the Stage: Aguirre, Neocolonialism, and the New German Cinema.” New German Critique (60): 101-30.
- Depeli, Gülsüm. 2018. “Temiz Düşünce, Pis İmge: ‘Bakışımız Hala Var’ken...” Toplum ve Bilim (143): 71-93.
- Dirlik, Arif. 2005. Postkolonya Aura. Çeviren Galip Doğduaslan. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
- Ellingson, Ter. 2001. The Myth of the Noble Savage. California: University of California Press.
- Elsaesser, Thomas. 2014. “An Anthropologist’s Eye: Where the Green Ants Dream.” The Films of Werner Herzog: Between Mirage and History içinde, editör Timothy Corrigan, 133-56. Londra, New York: Routledge.
- Fanon, Frantz. 2007. Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri. Çeviren Şen Süer. İstanbul: Versus Yayınları.
- Feest, Christian F. 2002. “Germany's Indians in a European Perspective.” Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections içinde, editörler Colin G. Calloway, Susanne Zantop ve Gerd Gemünden, 25-43. Londra: University of Nebraska.
- Geertz, Clifford. 2007. Yerel Bilgi. Çeviren Kudret Emiroğlu. Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
- Guettel, Jens-Uwe. 2010. “From the Frontier to German South-West Africa: German Colonialism, Indians, and American Westward Expansion.” Modern Intellectual History 7 (3): 523-52.
- Herzog, Werner. 2010. Conquest of the Useless: Reflections from the Making of Fitzcarraldo. Çeviren Krishna Winston. New York: Harper Collins.
- Kaes, Anton. 2003. “Yeni Alman Sineması.” Dünya Sinema Tarihi içinde, editör G. Nowell Smith. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
- King, Lisa Michelle. 2016. “Revisiting Winnetou: The Karl May Museum, Cultural Appropriation, and Indigenous Self-Representation.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 28 (2): 25-55.
- Lehman, Will. 2012. “A March into Nothingness: The Changing Course of Herzog's Indian Images.” A Companion to Werner Herzog içinde, editör Brad Prager, 371-92. Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
- Lindberg, Christer. 2013. “The Noble and Ignoble Savage.” Ethnoscripts 15(1): 16-32.
- Loomba, Ania. 2000. Kolonyalizm Postkolonyalizm. Çeviren Mehmet Küçük. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Lutz, Hartmut. 2002. “German Indianthusiasm: A Socaially Constructud German National (ist) Myth.” Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections içinde, editörler Colin G. Calloway, Susanne Zantop ve Gerd Gemünden, 167-184. Londra: University of Nebraska Press.
- May, Karl. 2005. Winnetou. Çeviren Michael Shaw. Londra, New York: Continuum.
- Michaels, Jennifer. 2012. “Fantasies of Native Americans: Karl May’s Continuing Impact on the German Imagination.” European Journal of American Culture 31 (3): 205-18. Murray, David. 2016. “German ‘Indianthusiasm’.” Patterns of Prejudice 50 (3): 317-19.
- Noyan, Yekta K. 2013. “Colonialism, German Experience and the Reflections on History.” Uluslararasi Suçlar ve Tarih (14): 105-37.
- Perry, Nicole. 2006. “Karl May's Winnetou: The Image of the German Indian, the Representation of North American First Nations from an Orientalist Perspective.” Yüksek lisans tezi, Montreal, McGill University.
- Prager, Brad. 2003. “Werner Herzog's Hearts of Darkness: Fitzcarraldo, Scream of Stone and Beyond.” Quarterly Review of Film and Video 20(1): 23-35.
- Punch, Keith F. 2005. Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar. Çeviren Dursun Bayrak, H. Bader Arslan ve Zeynep Akyüz. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Ramey, James. 2012. “Representational Imperialism in Aguirre, The Wrath of God.” The Latin Americanist 56 (2): 137-59.
- Reed, Eugene E. 1964. “The Ignoble Savage.” The Modern Language Review 59 (1): 53-64.
- Said, Edward W. 2013. Şarkiyatçılık. Çeviren Berna Ülner. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Sharman, Gundula M. 2004. “The Jungle Strikes Back: European Defeat at the Hands of the South American Landscape in the Films of Werner Herzog.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2 (1): 96-109.
- Sheehan, Paul. 2008. “Against the Image: Herzog and the Troubling Politics of the Screen Animal.” SubStance 37 (3): 117-36.
- Stone, Cynthia L. 2005. “Aguirre Goes to the Movies: Twentieth-Century Visions of Colonial-Era ‘Relaciones’.” Chasqui 34 (2): 24-35.
- Usbeck, Frank. 2013. “Representing the Indian, Imagining the Volksgemeinschaft: Indianthusiasm and Nazi Propaganda in German Print Media.” Ethnoscripts 1 (15): 46-61.
- Wildenthal, Lora, Juergen Zimmerer, Russell A Berman, Jan Rüger, Bradley Naranch, Birthe Kundrus ve Maiken Umbach. 2008. “The German Colonial Imagination.” German History 26 (2): 251-71.
- Yegenoglu, Meyda. 1998. Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Yetişkin, Ebru. 2010. “Postkolonyal Kavramlar Üzerine Notlar.” Toplumbilim (25): 15-21.
- Zantop, Susanne. 1997. Colonial Fantasies: Conquest, Family, and Nation in Precolonial Germany, 1770-1870. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Zoonen, Liesbet van. 2014. “Medyaya Feminist Yaklaşımlar.” Medya Kültür Siyaset içinde, editör Süleyman İrvan, 365-99. Ankara: Pharmakon Yayınları.
Öz
Werner Herzog, one of New German Cinema’s auteur directors, often uses indigenous people’s images, especially in his films The Wrath of God, Aguirre (1972), Enigma of Kasper Hauser (1974), Fitzcarraldo (1982), Burden of Dreams (1982), Ballad of the Little Soldier (1984), Where the Green Ants Dream (1984), and Cobra Verde (1987). The geographical regions from which the indigenous images in these films emerge are former colonial lands that have been the subject of European economic and cultural exploitation. In this study, indigenous images in Herzog films are examined through colonial and postcolonial perspectives and analysed in terms of their place in collective memory. The main argument of the study is that the colonial history of former colonial regions is at the centre of the director’s films. Also, the Winnetou character of Karl May, an important popular image in German colonial history, is examined with reference to the concept of the ‘noble savage’. These films are analysed using the method of textual analysis. The main finding of the study is that the images created by the director in his films include rather than exclude colonial history.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Werner Herzog colonialism postcolonialism noble savage images of indigenous people
Kaynakça
- Adams, Caroline Frances. 2019. “Imagining ‘Indianer’: Karl May's Winnetou and Germans' Enduring Fantasies about Native Americans.” Lisans tezi, Middletown Connecticut, Wesleyan University.
- Ascárate, Richard John. 2007. “‘Have You Ever Seen a Shrunken Head?’: The Early Modern Roots of Ecstatic Truth in Werner Herzog’s Fitzcarraldo.” Modern Language Association of America 122 (2): 483-501.
- Bilis, Pınar Özgökbel. 2017. “Alman Sineması: Yıldızı Bir Parlayan Bir Sönen Ülke Sineması Üzerine Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme.” İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi (52): 89-108.
- Bolz, Peter ve Ann Davis. 2003. “Do Germans Really Love Indians?” Great Plains Quarterly 23 (3): 193-97.
- Boyer, Patricio. 2011. “Fantasy and Imperial Discourse in Herzog's Aguirre, the Wrath of God.” Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 20 (3): 261-79.
- Calloway, Colin Gordon, Gerd Gemünden ve Susanne Zantop. 2002. Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections. Londra: University of Nebraska Press.
- Carter, Erica. 2012. “Werner Herzog’s African Sublime.” A Companion to Werner Herzog içinde, editör Brad Prager, 329-55. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Combee, Jerry ve Martin Plax. 1973. “Rousseau's Noble Savage and European Self-Consciousness.” Modern Age 17 (2): 173-82.
- Corrigan, Timothy. 1986. “Producing Herzog: From a Body of Images.” The Films of Werner Herzog: Between Mirage and History içinde, editör Timothy Corrigan, 3-19. New York, Londra: Methuen.
- Corrigan, Timothy. 2014. The Films of Werner Herzog: Between Mirage and History. Londra, New York: Routledge.
- Cronin, Paul. 2002. Herzog on Herzog. New York: Faber & Faber.
- Davidson, John E. 1993. “As Others Put Plays upon the Stage: Aguirre, Neocolonialism, and the New German Cinema.” New German Critique (60): 101-30.
- Depeli, Gülsüm. 2018. “Temiz Düşünce, Pis İmge: ‘Bakışımız Hala Var’ken...” Toplum ve Bilim (143): 71-93.
- Dirlik, Arif. 2005. Postkolonya Aura. Çeviren Galip Doğduaslan. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
- Ellingson, Ter. 2001. The Myth of the Noble Savage. California: University of California Press.
- Elsaesser, Thomas. 2014. “An Anthropologist’s Eye: Where the Green Ants Dream.” The Films of Werner Herzog: Between Mirage and History içinde, editör Timothy Corrigan, 133-56. Londra, New York: Routledge.
- Fanon, Frantz. 2007. Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri. Çeviren Şen Süer. İstanbul: Versus Yayınları.
- Feest, Christian F. 2002. “Germany's Indians in a European Perspective.” Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections içinde, editörler Colin G. Calloway, Susanne Zantop ve Gerd Gemünden, 25-43. Londra: University of Nebraska.
- Geertz, Clifford. 2007. Yerel Bilgi. Çeviren Kudret Emiroğlu. Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
- Guettel, Jens-Uwe. 2010. “From the Frontier to German South-West Africa: German Colonialism, Indians, and American Westward Expansion.” Modern Intellectual History 7 (3): 523-52.
- Herzog, Werner. 2010. Conquest of the Useless: Reflections from the Making of Fitzcarraldo. Çeviren Krishna Winston. New York: Harper Collins.
- Kaes, Anton. 2003. “Yeni Alman Sineması.” Dünya Sinema Tarihi içinde, editör G. Nowell Smith. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
- King, Lisa Michelle. 2016. “Revisiting Winnetou: The Karl May Museum, Cultural Appropriation, and Indigenous Self-Representation.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 28 (2): 25-55.
- Lehman, Will. 2012. “A March into Nothingness: The Changing Course of Herzog's Indian Images.” A Companion to Werner Herzog içinde, editör Brad Prager, 371-92. Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
- Lindberg, Christer. 2013. “The Noble and Ignoble Savage.” Ethnoscripts 15(1): 16-32.
- Loomba, Ania. 2000. Kolonyalizm Postkolonyalizm. Çeviren Mehmet Küçük. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
- Lutz, Hartmut. 2002. “German Indianthusiasm: A Socaially Constructud German National (ist) Myth.” Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections içinde, editörler Colin G. Calloway, Susanne Zantop ve Gerd Gemünden, 167-184. Londra: University of Nebraska Press.
- May, Karl. 2005. Winnetou. Çeviren Michael Shaw. Londra, New York: Continuum.
- Michaels, Jennifer. 2012. “Fantasies of Native Americans: Karl May’s Continuing Impact on the German Imagination.” European Journal of American Culture 31 (3): 205-18. Murray, David. 2016. “German ‘Indianthusiasm’.” Patterns of Prejudice 50 (3): 317-19.
- Noyan, Yekta K. 2013. “Colonialism, German Experience and the Reflections on History.” Uluslararasi Suçlar ve Tarih (14): 105-37.
- Perry, Nicole. 2006. “Karl May's Winnetou: The Image of the German Indian, the Representation of North American First Nations from an Orientalist Perspective.” Yüksek lisans tezi, Montreal, McGill University.
- Prager, Brad. 2003. “Werner Herzog's Hearts of Darkness: Fitzcarraldo, Scream of Stone and Beyond.” Quarterly Review of Film and Video 20(1): 23-35.
- Punch, Keith F. 2005. Sosyal Araştırmalara Giriş Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar. Çeviren Dursun Bayrak, H. Bader Arslan ve Zeynep Akyüz. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Ramey, James. 2012. “Representational Imperialism in Aguirre, The Wrath of God.” The Latin Americanist 56 (2): 137-59.
- Reed, Eugene E. 1964. “The Ignoble Savage.” The Modern Language Review 59 (1): 53-64.
- Said, Edward W. 2013. Şarkiyatçılık. Çeviren Berna Ülner. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Sharman, Gundula M. 2004. “The Jungle Strikes Back: European Defeat at the Hands of the South American Landscape in the Films of Werner Herzog.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2 (1): 96-109.
- Sheehan, Paul. 2008. “Against the Image: Herzog and the Troubling Politics of the Screen Animal.” SubStance 37 (3): 117-36.
- Stone, Cynthia L. 2005. “Aguirre Goes to the Movies: Twentieth-Century Visions of Colonial-Era ‘Relaciones’.” Chasqui 34 (2): 24-35.
- Usbeck, Frank. 2013. “Representing the Indian, Imagining the Volksgemeinschaft: Indianthusiasm and Nazi Propaganda in German Print Media.” Ethnoscripts 1 (15): 46-61.
- Wildenthal, Lora, Juergen Zimmerer, Russell A Berman, Jan Rüger, Bradley Naranch, Birthe Kundrus ve Maiken Umbach. 2008. “The German Colonial Imagination.” German History 26 (2): 251-71.
- Yegenoglu, Meyda. 1998. Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Yetişkin, Ebru. 2010. “Postkolonyal Kavramlar Üzerine Notlar.” Toplumbilim (25): 15-21.
- Zantop, Susanne. 1997. Colonial Fantasies: Conquest, Family, and Nation in Precolonial Germany, 1770-1870. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Zoonen, Liesbet van. 2014. “Medyaya Feminist Yaklaşımlar.” Medya Kültür Siyaset içinde, editör Süleyman İrvan, 365-99. Ankara: Pharmakon Yayınları.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 5 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 |