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Remembering Women Researchers in the History of Communication Research: The Case of Herta Herzog (1933-1943)

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 98 - 120, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1154803

Abstract

The Office of Radio Research (later called the Bureau of Applied Social Research), which was one of the important centers in the institutionalization process of mass media research in the United States, was also a pioneer in terms of employing a large number of female researchers in the pre-1970 period when women became more visible in academic jobs. Herta Herzog, originally from Austria, was a prominent figure among the researchers working at the Bureau. Although Herzog had pioneered theoretical and methodological studies in the years 1937-1943 when she was in the Bureau, she was symbolically erased from the historiography of the field. The significance of Herzog's research in this period was only recognized after the 1980s; as a consequence of the questioning of the gender-biased history of the field, Herzog's contributions along with other female researchers have begun to be remembered in the Western literature. In Turkey, although many studies are focusing on the relationship between women and media, there has not been a discussion about reconsidering the history of the field in terms of gender. Herzog is either completely ignored or given a very limited place in communication theory books that are widely known in Turkey. Studies that include the researcher, albeit limited, place her in the historical origins of uses and gratifications research. Thus, the purpose of this study is to rethink Herzog's theoretical and methodological contributions to the field of communication studies from the years of Vienna until her leaving from the Office of Radio Research (1933-1943) and to make it visible in terms of Turkish literature. The study aims to draw attention to the importance of considering the history of the field in terms of gender by emphasizing the role that women played in the institutionalization process of the field by focusing on Herzog.

References

  • Ashcraft, K. L. ve Simonson, P. (2016). Gender, work, and the history of communication research. P. Simonson ve D. W. Park (Ed.), The international history of communication research (s. 47-68) içinde. New York: Routledge.
  • Berelson, B. (1959). The state of communication research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 23(1), 1-6. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2746418.
  • Cantril, H., Gaudet, H., ve Herzog, H. (1940). The invasion from Mars: A study in the psychology of panic. Princeton University Press.
  • Cavalcante, A., Press, A. ve Sender, K. (2017). Feminist reception studies in a post-audience age: Returning to audiences and everyday life. Feminist Media Studies, 17(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/14680777.2017.1261822
  • Dorsten, A. M. (2004). “Thinking dirty”: Digging up three founding “matriarchs” of communication studies. Communication Theory, 22(1), 25-47. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01398.x
  • Douglas, S. J. (2004). Listening in, radio and the American imagination. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Douglas, S. J. (2006). Personal influence and the bracketing of women’s history. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 608(1), 41-50. doi:10.1177/0002716206292458
  • Epping-Jager, C. (2016). Herta Herzog and the Viennese School of radio research. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s.43-59) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Erdoğan, İ. ve Alemdar, K. (2002). Öteki kuram. Ankara: Erk.
  • Fleck, C. (2011). A Transatlantic history of the social sciences. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Fleck, C. (2021). Lazarsfeld’s wives, or: What happened to women sociologists in the twentieth century. International Review of Sociology, 31(1), 49-71. doi:10.1080/03906701.2021.1926672
  • Garcia-Jiménez, L., ve Simonson, P. (2021). Female roles, contributions and invisibilities in the field of communication research. Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 12 (2), 13-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.20163
  • Garfinkel, S. L. (1987). Radio research, McCarthyism and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. (Lisans Tezi, MIT). Erişim adresi: https://www.infoamerica.org/documentos_pdf/lazarsfeld03.pdf
  • Gitlin, T.(2008). Medya sosyolojisi: Egemen paradigma. S. Çelenk (Ed.), H. Tuncel ve E. Çaylı (Çev.), İletişim çalışmalarında kırılmalar ve uzlaşmalar (s.19-67) içinde. Ankara: DeKi.
  • Hall, S. (1999[1982]). İdeolojinin yeniden keşfi: Medya çalışmalarında baskı altında tutulanın geri dönüşü. M. Küçük (Ed. ve Çev.), Medya, iktidar, ideoloji (s.77-126) içinde. Ankara: Ark.
  • Herzog, H. (1940). Professor Quiz – a gratification study. P. F. Lazarsfeld (Ed.), Radio and the printed page (s. 64–93). içinde, Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
  • Herzog, H. (2004[1941]). On borrowed experience: An analysis of listening to daytime sketches. J. D. Peters ve P. Simonson (Ed.), Mass communication and American social thought, key texts, 1919-1968 (s.139-157) içinde. Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
  • Herzog, H. (1944). What do we really know about daytime serial listeners? P. F. Lazarsfeld, ve F. N. Stanton (Ed.), Radio research, 1942-1943 (s.3-33) içinde. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
  • Herzog, H. (1994). Letter to Elisabeth Perse. Erişim adresi: http://outofthequestion.org/userfiles/file/Herta%20Herzog%20(Sept%2012%201994%20to%20Elisabeth%20Perse).pdf
  • Hristova, E. D. (2022). Research and publishing at the Bureau of Applied Social Research: The gendering of commercial and academic work. International Journal of Commuiıcation, 16, 655-663.
  • Jansen, S. (1993). “The future is not what it used to be”: Gender, history and communication studies. Communication Theory, 3(2), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1993.tb00063.x
  • Jeřábek, H. (2017). Paul Lazarsfeld and the origins of communications research. Routledge&CRC Press.
  • Klaus, E. (2016). From Listeners to viewers: Herzog as the founder of qualitative entertainment and audience research, E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s.99-115) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Klaus, E. ve Seethaler, J. (2016). Crossing the borders: Herta Herzog´s work in communication and marketing research. P. Simonson ve D. W. Park (Ed.), The international history of communication study (s.237-255) içinde. New York/London: Routledge.
  • Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1940). Radio and the printed page: An introduction to the study of radio and its role in the communication of ideas. New York: Duell, Sloan&Pearce, Inc.
  • Liebes, T. (2003). Herzog’s “on borrowed experience” E. Katz, J. D. Peter, T. Liebes ve A. Orloff (Eds.), Canonic texts in media research (s.39-53) içinde. Polity Press.
  • Liebes, T.ve Klein-Shagrir, O. (2016). Two step analysis: From a lonely kitchen to a lively living room. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? (s.85-97) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Özçetin, B. (2018). Kitle iletişim kuramları kavramlar, okullar, modeller. Ankara: İletişim.
  • Perse, E. (1996). Herta Herzog. N. Signorielli (Ed.), Women in communication (s.202-211) içinde. Westport: Greenwood.
  • Pooley, J. (2008). The new history of mass communication research. D. W. Park ve J. Pooley (Ed.), The history of media and communication research (s.43-69) içinde. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Pooley, J. (2017). Wilbur Schramm and the “four founders” history of US communication research. Коммуникации. Медиа. Дизайн, 2(4), 5-18.
  • Pooley, J. ve Socolow, M. J. (2013). War of the words: The invasion from Mars and its legacy for mass communication scholarship. J. E. Hayes, K. Battles, W. Hilton-Morrow (Ed.), War of the Worlds to social media: Mediated communication in times of crisis (s.35-56) içinde. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Rakow, L. F. (2008). Feminist historiography and the field: Writing new histories. D. W. Park ve J. Pooley (Ed.), The history of media and communication research (s.113-145) içinde. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Robinson, G. J. (1998). Monopolies of knowledge in Canadian communication studies: The case of feminist approaches: The Dallas Smythe memorial lecture. Erişim adresi: https://cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/download/1023/929?inline=1
  • Robinson, G. J. (2011). Thoughts on Lazarsfeld’s New York “radio studies” from the perspective of 2010. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 29-42. doi:10.1080/23808985.2011.11679110
  • Rogers, E. M. (1992). On early mass communication study. Journal of Broadcasting&electronic Media, 467-471.
  • Rossiter, M. W. (1993). The Matthew Matilda effect in science. Social Studies of Science, 23(2), 325-341. doi:10.1177/030631293023002004
  • Rowland, A. L. ve Simonson, P. (2014). The founding mothers of communication research: Toward a history of a gendered assemblage. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 31(1), 3-26. doi:10.1080/15295036.2013.849355
  • Scannel, P. (2020). Medya ve iletişim. O. Taş ve B. Sümer (Çev.). Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Seethaler, J. ve Klaus, E. (2016). Herta Herzog—A pioneer of communication and marketing research. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s.15-23) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Simonson, P. (2012). Mail and females at the bureau: The happiness game in the gendered contexts of early U.S. communications research. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1277-1289.
  • Simonson, P. ve Archer, L. (t.y.a). Pioneering women in media research. Erişim adresi: http://www.outofthequestion.org/Women-in-Media-Research.aspx
  • Simonson, P. ve Archer, L. (t.y.b). Methods for studying mass media. Erişim adresi: http://www.outofthequestion.org/Media-Research-of-the-1940s/Methods.aspx#top
  • Simonson, P. ve Park, D.W. (2015). Introduction: On the history of communication study. P. Simonson ve D. W. Park (Ed.), The international history of communication study (s.1-22) içinde. New York/London: Routledge.
  • Simonson, P., Park, D. W. ve Pooley, J. (2022). Exclusions/exclusiones: The role for history in the field’s reckoning. History of Media Studies, 2. doi:10.32376/d895a0ea.ed348e03
  • Tadajewski, M. (2016). Focus groups: history, epistemology and non-individualistic consumer research. Consumption Markets&Culture, 19(4), 319-345.
  • Thiele, M. (2016). A female researcher but not a feminist. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s. 153-167) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Tokgöz. (2015). İletişim kuramlarına anlam vermek. Ankara: İmge.
  • Wyant, R. ve Herzog, H. (1941). Voting via the senate mailbag-II. Public Opinion Quarterly, 5(4), 590-624. doi:10.1086/265524
  • Yaylagül, L. (2006). Kitle iletişim kuramları, egemen ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Dipnot.

İletişim Araştırmaları Tarihinde Kadın Araştırmacıları Hatırlamak: Herta Herzog Örneği (1933-1943)

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 98 - 120, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1154803

Abstract

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde kitle iletişim araştırmalarının kurumsallaşması sürecinde önemli merkezlerden biri olan Radyo Araştırma Bürosu (daha sonra Uygulamalı Toplumsal Araştırmalar Bürosu), kadınların akademik kadrolarda daha fazla görünür hale geldiği 1970 öncesi dönemde çok sayıda kadın araştırmacıyı istihdam etmesi bakımından öncü bir nitelik taşır. Aslen Avusturyalı olan Herta Herzog ise, Büroda faaliyet gösteren araştırmacılar arasında öne çıkan bir figürdür. Herzog, Büroda bulunduğu 1937-1943 yıllarında teorik ve metodolojik bakımdan öncü nitelikte çalışmalar yapmış olmasına rağmen alanın tarihyazımından uzun yıllar sembolik olarak silinmiştir. Herzog’un bu dönemde yaptığı araştırmaların önemi ancak 1980’li yıllardan sonra teslim edilebilmiş; alanın toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı tarihyazımının sorgulanmasına bağlı olarak diğer kadın araştırmacılarla birlikte Herzog’un katkıları da Batılı literatür içerisinde hatırlanmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye’de ise kadın ve medya ilişkisini odağa alan çok sayıda araştırma yürütülmesine rağmen, iletişim araştırmaları alanının tarihinin toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden ele alınmasına dair bir tartışmanın henüz yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Herzog, Türkiye’de yayımlanan ve yaygın biçimde okunan çeşitli iletişim kuramları kitaplarında ya tamamen görmezden gelinmekte ya da kendisine oldukça sınırlı bir yer bulabilmektedir. Araştırmacıya sınırlı da olsa yer veren çalışmalarda ise daha ziyade kullanımlar ve doyumlar araştırmalarının tarihsel kökenlerine yerleştirilmektedir. Bir literatür incelemesi olan bu çalışmanın amacı, Viyana yıllarından başlayarak Radyo Araştırma Bürosu’ndan ayrılışına kadar olan dönemde (1933-1943) Herzog’un iletişim çalışmaları alanına yaptığı teorik ve metodolojik katkıları değerlendirmek ve Türkçe literatür açısından görünür kılmaktır. Çalışma, Herzog’u odağa alarak kadınların alanın kurumsallaşması sürecinde oynadıkları rolü hatırlatarak alanın tarihinin toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden değerlendirilmesinin önemine dikkat çekmeyi hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Ashcraft, K. L. ve Simonson, P. (2016). Gender, work, and the history of communication research. P. Simonson ve D. W. Park (Ed.), The international history of communication research (s. 47-68) içinde. New York: Routledge.
  • Berelson, B. (1959). The state of communication research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 23(1), 1-6. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2746418.
  • Cantril, H., Gaudet, H., ve Herzog, H. (1940). The invasion from Mars: A study in the psychology of panic. Princeton University Press.
  • Cavalcante, A., Press, A. ve Sender, K. (2017). Feminist reception studies in a post-audience age: Returning to audiences and everyday life. Feminist Media Studies, 17(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/14680777.2017.1261822
  • Dorsten, A. M. (2004). “Thinking dirty”: Digging up three founding “matriarchs” of communication studies. Communication Theory, 22(1), 25-47. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01398.x
  • Douglas, S. J. (2004). Listening in, radio and the American imagination. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Douglas, S. J. (2006). Personal influence and the bracketing of women’s history. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 608(1), 41-50. doi:10.1177/0002716206292458
  • Epping-Jager, C. (2016). Herta Herzog and the Viennese School of radio research. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s.43-59) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Erdoğan, İ. ve Alemdar, K. (2002). Öteki kuram. Ankara: Erk.
  • Fleck, C. (2011). A Transatlantic history of the social sciences. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Fleck, C. (2021). Lazarsfeld’s wives, or: What happened to women sociologists in the twentieth century. International Review of Sociology, 31(1), 49-71. doi:10.1080/03906701.2021.1926672
  • Garcia-Jiménez, L., ve Simonson, P. (2021). Female roles, contributions and invisibilities in the field of communication research. Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 12 (2), 13-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.20163
  • Garfinkel, S. L. (1987). Radio research, McCarthyism and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. (Lisans Tezi, MIT). Erişim adresi: https://www.infoamerica.org/documentos_pdf/lazarsfeld03.pdf
  • Gitlin, T.(2008). Medya sosyolojisi: Egemen paradigma. S. Çelenk (Ed.), H. Tuncel ve E. Çaylı (Çev.), İletişim çalışmalarında kırılmalar ve uzlaşmalar (s.19-67) içinde. Ankara: DeKi.
  • Hall, S. (1999[1982]). İdeolojinin yeniden keşfi: Medya çalışmalarında baskı altında tutulanın geri dönüşü. M. Küçük (Ed. ve Çev.), Medya, iktidar, ideoloji (s.77-126) içinde. Ankara: Ark.
  • Herzog, H. (1940). Professor Quiz – a gratification study. P. F. Lazarsfeld (Ed.), Radio and the printed page (s. 64–93). içinde, Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
  • Herzog, H. (2004[1941]). On borrowed experience: An analysis of listening to daytime sketches. J. D. Peters ve P. Simonson (Ed.), Mass communication and American social thought, key texts, 1919-1968 (s.139-157) içinde. Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
  • Herzog, H. (1944). What do we really know about daytime serial listeners? P. F. Lazarsfeld, ve F. N. Stanton (Ed.), Radio research, 1942-1943 (s.3-33) içinde. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
  • Herzog, H. (1994). Letter to Elisabeth Perse. Erişim adresi: http://outofthequestion.org/userfiles/file/Herta%20Herzog%20(Sept%2012%201994%20to%20Elisabeth%20Perse).pdf
  • Hristova, E. D. (2022). Research and publishing at the Bureau of Applied Social Research: The gendering of commercial and academic work. International Journal of Commuiıcation, 16, 655-663.
  • Jansen, S. (1993). “The future is not what it used to be”: Gender, history and communication studies. Communication Theory, 3(2), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1993.tb00063.x
  • Jeřábek, H. (2017). Paul Lazarsfeld and the origins of communications research. Routledge&CRC Press.
  • Klaus, E. (2016). From Listeners to viewers: Herzog as the founder of qualitative entertainment and audience research, E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s.99-115) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Klaus, E. ve Seethaler, J. (2016). Crossing the borders: Herta Herzog´s work in communication and marketing research. P. Simonson ve D. W. Park (Ed.), The international history of communication study (s.237-255) içinde. New York/London: Routledge.
  • Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1940). Radio and the printed page: An introduction to the study of radio and its role in the communication of ideas. New York: Duell, Sloan&Pearce, Inc.
  • Liebes, T. (2003). Herzog’s “on borrowed experience” E. Katz, J. D. Peter, T. Liebes ve A. Orloff (Eds.), Canonic texts in media research (s.39-53) içinde. Polity Press.
  • Liebes, T.ve Klein-Shagrir, O. (2016). Two step analysis: From a lonely kitchen to a lively living room. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? (s.85-97) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Özçetin, B. (2018). Kitle iletişim kuramları kavramlar, okullar, modeller. Ankara: İletişim.
  • Perse, E. (1996). Herta Herzog. N. Signorielli (Ed.), Women in communication (s.202-211) içinde. Westport: Greenwood.
  • Pooley, J. (2008). The new history of mass communication research. D. W. Park ve J. Pooley (Ed.), The history of media and communication research (s.43-69) içinde. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Pooley, J. (2017). Wilbur Schramm and the “four founders” history of US communication research. Коммуникации. Медиа. Дизайн, 2(4), 5-18.
  • Pooley, J. ve Socolow, M. J. (2013). War of the words: The invasion from Mars and its legacy for mass communication scholarship. J. E. Hayes, K. Battles, W. Hilton-Morrow (Ed.), War of the Worlds to social media: Mediated communication in times of crisis (s.35-56) içinde. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Rakow, L. F. (2008). Feminist historiography and the field: Writing new histories. D. W. Park ve J. Pooley (Ed.), The history of media and communication research (s.113-145) içinde. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Robinson, G. J. (1998). Monopolies of knowledge in Canadian communication studies: The case of feminist approaches: The Dallas Smythe memorial lecture. Erişim adresi: https://cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/download/1023/929?inline=1
  • Robinson, G. J. (2011). Thoughts on Lazarsfeld’s New York “radio studies” from the perspective of 2010. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 29-42. doi:10.1080/23808985.2011.11679110
  • Rogers, E. M. (1992). On early mass communication study. Journal of Broadcasting&electronic Media, 467-471.
  • Rossiter, M. W. (1993). The Matthew Matilda effect in science. Social Studies of Science, 23(2), 325-341. doi:10.1177/030631293023002004
  • Rowland, A. L. ve Simonson, P. (2014). The founding mothers of communication research: Toward a history of a gendered assemblage. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 31(1), 3-26. doi:10.1080/15295036.2013.849355
  • Scannel, P. (2020). Medya ve iletişim. O. Taş ve B. Sümer (Çev.). Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Seethaler, J. ve Klaus, E. (2016). Herta Herzog—A pioneer of communication and marketing research. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s.15-23) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Simonson, P. (2012). Mail and females at the bureau: The happiness game in the gendered contexts of early U.S. communications research. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1277-1289.
  • Simonson, P. ve Archer, L. (t.y.a). Pioneering women in media research. Erişim adresi: http://www.outofthequestion.org/Women-in-Media-Research.aspx
  • Simonson, P. ve Archer, L. (t.y.b). Methods for studying mass media. Erişim adresi: http://www.outofthequestion.org/Media-Research-of-the-1940s/Methods.aspx#top
  • Simonson, P. ve Park, D.W. (2015). Introduction: On the history of communication study. P. Simonson ve D. W. Park (Ed.), The international history of communication study (s.1-22) içinde. New York/London: Routledge.
  • Simonson, P., Park, D. W. ve Pooley, J. (2022). Exclusions/exclusiones: The role for history in the field’s reckoning. History of Media Studies, 2. doi:10.32376/d895a0ea.ed348e03
  • Tadajewski, M. (2016). Focus groups: history, epistemology and non-individualistic consumer research. Consumption Markets&Culture, 19(4), 319-345.
  • Thiele, M. (2016). A female researcher but not a feminist. E. Klaus ve J. Seethaler (Ed.), What do we really know about Herta Herzog? ( s. 153-167) içinde. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Tokgöz. (2015). İletişim kuramlarına anlam vermek. Ankara: İmge.
  • Wyant, R. ve Herzog, H. (1941). Voting via the senate mailbag-II. Public Opinion Quarterly, 5(4), 590-624. doi:10.1086/265524
  • Yaylagül, L. (2006). Kitle iletişim kuramları, egemen ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Dipnot.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çağla Kubilay 0000-0001-6247-7136

Early Pub Date March 19, 2023
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kubilay, Ç. (2023). İletişim Araştırmaları Tarihinde Kadın Araştırmacıları Hatırlamak: Herta Herzog Örneği (1933-1943). İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 98-120. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1154803

Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).