Research Article
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Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge

Year 2019, , 251 - 274, 04.12.2019

Selver Dikkol , Hakan Erkılıç

https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.654015

Abstract

Online social networks enable the creation of groups within a wide variety of topics. Social network sites, like Facebook, offer options for users to create groups or to join existing groups for any topic they are interested in. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of the communicative memory, accepted in the literature as a notion providing continuity of communication, in online groups. In-depth interviews are conducted with seven participants who are members of the same Facebook group in the study in order to investigate and discuss the parameters of communicative memory, its role in-group communication and its effect on group solidarity in the online groups. The data obtained from the interviews are analyzed in the context of communicative memory. In the light of data and evaluations, it is concluded that each of the posts shared in Facebook groups is cumulatively generating their own collective knowledge; it can be said that communicative memory supports this commonness and provides the transmission of fragmented information.

Keywords

Online community Facebook communicative memory social memory collaborative knowledge

References

  • Arthur, Paul. 2009. “Trauma Online: Public Exposure of Personal Grief and Suffering.” Traumatology 15 (4): 65–75. doi: 10.1177/1534765609350781
  • Assmann, Jann. 2001. Kültürel Bellek. Translated by Ayşe Tekin. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Assmann, Jann. 2011. “Communicative and Cultural Memory.” In Cultural Memories: The Geographical Point of View. Edited by Peter Meusburger, Michael Heffernan, and Edgar Wunder Dordrecht, 15-27. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Bhattacharya, Saradindu. 2010. “Mourning Becomes Electronic(A): 9/11 Online.” Journal of Creative Communications 5 (1): 63-74. doi:10.1177/097325861100500104
  • Blanchard, Anita and Tom Horan. 1998. “Virtual Communities and Social Capital.” Social Science Computer Review 16 (3): 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939801600306
  • Blight, Michael G., Erin K. Ruppel, and Kelsea V. Schoenbauer. 2017. “Sense of Community on Twitter and Instagram: Exploring the Roles of Motives and Parasocial Relationships.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20 (5): 314-19.
  • boyd, danah. 2006. “Friends, Friendsters, and Top 8: Writing Community into Being on Social Network Sites.” First Monday 11 (12).
  • boyd, danah. 2011. “Social Network Sites as Networked Publics.” In A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, edited by Zizi Papacharissi. New York: Routledge.
  • Burles, Meridith C, and Jill M. G. Bally. 2018. “Ethical, Practical, and Methodological Considerations for Unobtrusive Qualitative Research about Personal Narratives Shared on the Internet.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 17 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1177/1609406918788203
  • Cohen, David. 2017. “Mark Zuckerberg Wants Facebook to ‘Bring the World Closer Together’.” https://www.adweek.com/digital/mark-zuckerberg-wants-facebook-to-bring-the- world-closer-together/
  • Colleoni, Elanor, Alessandro Rozza, and Adam Arvidsson. 2014. “Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter Using Big Data: Political Homophily on Twitter.” Journal of Communication 64 (2): 317– 32. doi:10.1111/jcom.12084
  • Davis, Teresa. 2010. “Third Spaces or Heterotopias? Recreating and Negotiating Migrant Identity Using Online Spaces.” Sociology 44 (4): 661–77. doi:10.1177/0038038510369356
  • Di Renzo, Francesca. 2017. “Exploring Online News: What Elpais.Com’s and Eldiario.Es’s Narratives Tell about the Migrant Crossings of Morocco–Spain Border.” Journalism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1464884917708866
  • Donnelly, Gordon. 2018. “75 Super-Useful Facebook Statistics for 2018.” https://www. wordstream.com/blog/ws/2017/11/07/facebook-statistics
  • Downey, Steve. 2014. “History of the (Virtual) Worlds.” The Journal of Technology Studies 40 (1/2): 54-66.
  • Gedi, Noa and Yigal Elam. 1996. “Collective Memory-What is it?” History and Memory 8 (1): 30-50.
  • Gibbs, Jennifer L., Heewon Kim, and Seol Ki. 2016. “Investigating the Role of Control and Support Mechanisms in Members’ Sense of Virtual Community.” Communication Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0093650216644023
  • Gowricharn, Ruben. 2015. “Sociability Networks of Migrant Youngsters: The Case of Dutch Hindustanis.” Current Sociology 65 (5): 777–94. doi:10.1177/0011392115605628
  • Gustafsson, Karl. 2017. “Chinese Collective Memory on the Internet: Remembering the Great Famine in Online Encyclopaedias.” Memory Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1750698017714836
  • Halbwachs, Maurice. 2016. Hafızanın Toplumsal Çerçeveleri. Translated by Büşra Uçar. Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
  • Hartig, Jeanne, and Judah Viola. 2015. “Online Grief Support Communities: Therapeutic Benefits of Membership.” Journal of Death and Dying 73 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1177/0030222815575698
  • Heinrich, Horst-Alfred, and Verena Weyland. 2016. “Communicative and Cultural Memory as a Micro-Meso-Macro Relation.” International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 12 (1): 27-41.
  • Houston, J. Brian, Glenn. J. Hansen, and Gwendolyn S. Nisbett. 2011. “Influence of User Comments on Perceptions of Media Bias and Third-Person Effect in Online News.” Electronic News 5 (2): 79–92. doi:10.1177/1931243111407618
  • Jones, Sara. 2013. “Catching Fleeting Memories: Victim Forums as Mediated Remembering Communities.” Memory Studies 6 (4): 390-403.
  • Karlsen, Rune, Kari Steen-Johnsen, Dag Wollebæk, and Bernard Enjolras. 2017. “Echo Chamber and Trench Warfare Dynamics in Online Debates.” European Journal of Communication 32 (3): 257–273. doi:10.1177/0267323117695734
  • Marino, Sara. 2015. “Making Space, Making Place: Digital Togetherness and the Redefinition of Migrant Identities Online.” Social Media + Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/2056305115622479
  • Matzat, Uwe. 2010. “Reducing Problems of Sociability in Online Communities: Integrating Online Communication with Offline Interaction.” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (8): 1170–93. doi:10.1177/0002764209356249
  • McEwen, Rhonda N., and Kathleen Scheaffer. 2013. “Virtual Mourning and Memory Construction on Facebook: Here Are the Terms of Use.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 33 (3–4): 64–75. doi:10.1177/0270467613516753
  • McMillan, David W., and David M. Chavis. 1986. “Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory.” Journal of Community Psychology 14 (1): 6-23.
  • Miliani, Maria Rinaldi and Giuseppe Quintaliani. 2017. “Echo Chambers, Confirmation Bias and Polarization of Ideas: How Scientific and Non-Scientific Knowledge Spreads Around the Web 2.0.” Giornale Di Tecniche Nefrologiche e Dialitiche 29 (4): 274-77. doi:10.5301/ gtnd.2017.17774
  • Nora, Pierre. 1989. “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire.” Representations. 7-24.
  • Olick, Jeffrey K. 1999. “Collective Memory: The Two Cultures.” Sociological Theory 17 (3): 333-48.
  • Olick, Jeffrey K., Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Daniel Levy. 2011. The Collective Memory Reader. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Parks, Malcom R. 2011. “Social Network Sites as Virtual Communities.” In A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, edited by Zizi Papacharissi, 113- 31. New York: Routledge.
  • Preece, Jenny. 2000. Online Communities: Designing Usability and Supporting Sociability. West Sussex: Wiley Publication.
  • Preece, Jenny. 2001. “Sociability and Usability in Online Communities: Determining and Measuring Success.” Behaviour & Information Technology 20, no. 5 (January): 347-56.
  • Recuber, Timothy. 2012. “The Presumption of Commemoration: Disasters, Digital Memory Banks, and Online Collective Memory.” American Behavioral Scientist 56 (4): 531-49. doi:10.1177/0002764211429364
  • Rheingold, Howard. 1993. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Rheingold, Howard. 1998. “Virtual Communities.” In The Community of the Future, edited by Frances Hesselbein, Marshall Goldsmith, Richard Beckhard and Richard F. Schubert, 115-24. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Shrivastava, Paul. 1999. “Management Classes as Online Learning Communities.” Journal of Management Education 23 (6): 691–702. doi:10.1177/105256299902300607
  • Sugiura, Lisa, Rosemary Wiles, and Catherine Pope. 2017. “Ethical Challenges in Online Research: Public/Private Perceptions.” Research Ethics 13 (3–4), (2017): 184–99. doi:10.1177/1747016116650720
  • van Dijck, Jose. 2004. “Mediated Memories: Personal Cultural Memory as Object of Cultural Analysis.” Continuum 18 (2): 261-77.
  • van Dijk, Teun A. 2006. The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media. London–Thousand Oaks–New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
  • Wagner, Anna J. M. 2018. “Do Not Click “Like” When Somebody Has Died: The Role of Norms for Mourning Practices in Social Media.” Social Media + Society 4 (1) Advance online publication doi:10.1177/2056305117744392
  • Walther, Joseph B. 1996. “Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction.” Communication Research 23 (1): 3-43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001
  • Wellman, Barry and Milena Gulia. 1999. “Virtual Communities as Communities: Net Surfers Don’t Ride Alone.” In Communities in Cyberspace, edited by Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 167–94. New York: Routledge.
  • Westerwick, Axel, Benjamin. K. Johnson and Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick. 2017. “Confirmation Biases in Selective Exposure to Political Online Information: Source Bias vs. Content Bias.” Communication Monographs 84 (3): 343–64. doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1272761
  • Wilson, Samuel M., and Leighton C. Peterson. 2002. “The Anthropology of Online Communities.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (1): 449-67.

Online Gruplarda İletişimsel Bellek: Aracılı ve Müşterek Bilgi

Year 2019, , 251 - 274, 04.12.2019

Selver Dikkol , Hakan Erkılıç

https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.654015

Abstract

Çevrimiçi sosyal ağlar, çok çeşitli konular çerçevesinde gruplar kurmaya olanak sağlamaktadır. Özellikle Facebook gibi sosyal ağ siteleri, ilgilendikleri herhangi bir konu ile ilgili kullanıcılarına grup kurma veya var olan gruplara katılma seçeneklerini sunar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürde iletişimin sürekliliğini sağlayan bir nosyon olarak kabul edilen iletişimsel belleğin, online gruplardaki işlevinin araştırılmasıdır. İletişimsel belleği tanımlayan parametrelerin online grup içerisindeki varlığını, grup içi iletişimdeki rolünü ve grubun birliği üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaya ve tartışmaya yönelik olan bu çalışmada, aynı Facebook grubuna üye olan yedi katılımcıyla derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler iletişimsel bellek ekseninde analiz edilerek tartışılmıştır. Veriler ve değerlendirmeler ışığında sonuç olarak, Facebook gruplarında paylaşılan her bir gönderinin kendi müşterek bilgisini birikimli olarak ürettiği; iletişimsel belleğin bu müşterekliği desteklediği ve parçalı olan bilgilerin aktarılmasını sağladığı söylenebilir.

Keywords

Online gruplar Facebook iletişimsel bellek toplumsal bellek müşterek bilgi

References

  • Arthur, Paul. 2009. “Trauma Online: Public Exposure of Personal Grief and Suffering.” Traumatology 15 (4): 65–75. doi: 10.1177/1534765609350781
  • Assmann, Jann. 2001. Kültürel Bellek. Translated by Ayşe Tekin. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Assmann, Jann. 2011. “Communicative and Cultural Memory.” In Cultural Memories: The Geographical Point of View. Edited by Peter Meusburger, Michael Heffernan, and Edgar Wunder Dordrecht, 15-27. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Bhattacharya, Saradindu. 2010. “Mourning Becomes Electronic(A): 9/11 Online.” Journal of Creative Communications 5 (1): 63-74. doi:10.1177/097325861100500104
  • Blanchard, Anita and Tom Horan. 1998. “Virtual Communities and Social Capital.” Social Science Computer Review 16 (3): 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939801600306
  • Blight, Michael G., Erin K. Ruppel, and Kelsea V. Schoenbauer. 2017. “Sense of Community on Twitter and Instagram: Exploring the Roles of Motives and Parasocial Relationships.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20 (5): 314-19.
  • boyd, danah. 2006. “Friends, Friendsters, and Top 8: Writing Community into Being on Social Network Sites.” First Monday 11 (12).
  • boyd, danah. 2011. “Social Network Sites as Networked Publics.” In A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, edited by Zizi Papacharissi. New York: Routledge.
  • Burles, Meridith C, and Jill M. G. Bally. 2018. “Ethical, Practical, and Methodological Considerations for Unobtrusive Qualitative Research about Personal Narratives Shared on the Internet.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 17 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1177/1609406918788203
  • Cohen, David. 2017. “Mark Zuckerberg Wants Facebook to ‘Bring the World Closer Together’.” https://www.adweek.com/digital/mark-zuckerberg-wants-facebook-to-bring-the- world-closer-together/
  • Colleoni, Elanor, Alessandro Rozza, and Adam Arvidsson. 2014. “Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter Using Big Data: Political Homophily on Twitter.” Journal of Communication 64 (2): 317– 32. doi:10.1111/jcom.12084
  • Davis, Teresa. 2010. “Third Spaces or Heterotopias? Recreating and Negotiating Migrant Identity Using Online Spaces.” Sociology 44 (4): 661–77. doi:10.1177/0038038510369356
  • Di Renzo, Francesca. 2017. “Exploring Online News: What Elpais.Com’s and Eldiario.Es’s Narratives Tell about the Migrant Crossings of Morocco–Spain Border.” Journalism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1464884917708866
  • Donnelly, Gordon. 2018. “75 Super-Useful Facebook Statistics for 2018.” https://www. wordstream.com/blog/ws/2017/11/07/facebook-statistics
  • Downey, Steve. 2014. “History of the (Virtual) Worlds.” The Journal of Technology Studies 40 (1/2): 54-66.
  • Gedi, Noa and Yigal Elam. 1996. “Collective Memory-What is it?” History and Memory 8 (1): 30-50.
  • Gibbs, Jennifer L., Heewon Kim, and Seol Ki. 2016. “Investigating the Role of Control and Support Mechanisms in Members’ Sense of Virtual Community.” Communication Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0093650216644023
  • Gowricharn, Ruben. 2015. “Sociability Networks of Migrant Youngsters: The Case of Dutch Hindustanis.” Current Sociology 65 (5): 777–94. doi:10.1177/0011392115605628
  • Gustafsson, Karl. 2017. “Chinese Collective Memory on the Internet: Remembering the Great Famine in Online Encyclopaedias.” Memory Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1750698017714836
  • Halbwachs, Maurice. 2016. Hafızanın Toplumsal Çerçeveleri. Translated by Büşra Uçar. Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
  • Hartig, Jeanne, and Judah Viola. 2015. “Online Grief Support Communities: Therapeutic Benefits of Membership.” Journal of Death and Dying 73 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1177/0030222815575698
  • Heinrich, Horst-Alfred, and Verena Weyland. 2016. “Communicative and Cultural Memory as a Micro-Meso-Macro Relation.” International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 12 (1): 27-41.
  • Houston, J. Brian, Glenn. J. Hansen, and Gwendolyn S. Nisbett. 2011. “Influence of User Comments on Perceptions of Media Bias and Third-Person Effect in Online News.” Electronic News 5 (2): 79–92. doi:10.1177/1931243111407618
  • Jones, Sara. 2013. “Catching Fleeting Memories: Victim Forums as Mediated Remembering Communities.” Memory Studies 6 (4): 390-403.
  • Karlsen, Rune, Kari Steen-Johnsen, Dag Wollebæk, and Bernard Enjolras. 2017. “Echo Chamber and Trench Warfare Dynamics in Online Debates.” European Journal of Communication 32 (3): 257–273. doi:10.1177/0267323117695734
  • Marino, Sara. 2015. “Making Space, Making Place: Digital Togetherness and the Redefinition of Migrant Identities Online.” Social Media + Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/2056305115622479
  • Matzat, Uwe. 2010. “Reducing Problems of Sociability in Online Communities: Integrating Online Communication with Offline Interaction.” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (8): 1170–93. doi:10.1177/0002764209356249
  • McEwen, Rhonda N., and Kathleen Scheaffer. 2013. “Virtual Mourning and Memory Construction on Facebook: Here Are the Terms of Use.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 33 (3–4): 64–75. doi:10.1177/0270467613516753
  • McMillan, David W., and David M. Chavis. 1986. “Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory.” Journal of Community Psychology 14 (1): 6-23.
  • Miliani, Maria Rinaldi and Giuseppe Quintaliani. 2017. “Echo Chambers, Confirmation Bias and Polarization of Ideas: How Scientific and Non-Scientific Knowledge Spreads Around the Web 2.0.” Giornale Di Tecniche Nefrologiche e Dialitiche 29 (4): 274-77. doi:10.5301/ gtnd.2017.17774
  • Nora, Pierre. 1989. “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire.” Representations. 7-24.
  • Olick, Jeffrey K. 1999. “Collective Memory: The Two Cultures.” Sociological Theory 17 (3): 333-48.
  • Olick, Jeffrey K., Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Daniel Levy. 2011. The Collective Memory Reader. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Parks, Malcom R. 2011. “Social Network Sites as Virtual Communities.” In A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, edited by Zizi Papacharissi, 113- 31. New York: Routledge.
  • Preece, Jenny. 2000. Online Communities: Designing Usability and Supporting Sociability. West Sussex: Wiley Publication.
  • Preece, Jenny. 2001. “Sociability and Usability in Online Communities: Determining and Measuring Success.” Behaviour & Information Technology 20, no. 5 (January): 347-56.
  • Recuber, Timothy. 2012. “The Presumption of Commemoration: Disasters, Digital Memory Banks, and Online Collective Memory.” American Behavioral Scientist 56 (4): 531-49. doi:10.1177/0002764211429364
  • Rheingold, Howard. 1993. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Rheingold, Howard. 1998. “Virtual Communities.” In The Community of the Future, edited by Frances Hesselbein, Marshall Goldsmith, Richard Beckhard and Richard F. Schubert, 115-24. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Shrivastava, Paul. 1999. “Management Classes as Online Learning Communities.” Journal of Management Education 23 (6): 691–702. doi:10.1177/105256299902300607
  • Sugiura, Lisa, Rosemary Wiles, and Catherine Pope. 2017. “Ethical Challenges in Online Research: Public/Private Perceptions.” Research Ethics 13 (3–4), (2017): 184–99. doi:10.1177/1747016116650720
  • van Dijck, Jose. 2004. “Mediated Memories: Personal Cultural Memory as Object of Cultural Analysis.” Continuum 18 (2): 261-77.
  • van Dijk, Teun A. 2006. The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media. London–Thousand Oaks–New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
  • Wagner, Anna J. M. 2018. “Do Not Click “Like” When Somebody Has Died: The Role of Norms for Mourning Practices in Social Media.” Social Media + Society 4 (1) Advance online publication doi:10.1177/2056305117744392
  • Walther, Joseph B. 1996. “Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction.” Communication Research 23 (1): 3-43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001
  • Wellman, Barry and Milena Gulia. 1999. “Virtual Communities as Communities: Net Surfers Don’t Ride Alone.” In Communities in Cyberspace, edited by Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 167–94. New York: Routledge.
  • Westerwick, Axel, Benjamin. K. Johnson and Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick. 2017. “Confirmation Biases in Selective Exposure to Political Online Information: Source Bias vs. Content Bias.” Communication Monographs 84 (3): 343–64. doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1272761
  • Wilson, Samuel M., and Leighton C. Peterson. 2002. “The Anthropology of Online Communities.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (1): 449-67.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selver Dikkol 0000-0002-1918-6795

Hakan Erkılıç 0000-0002-0828-3848

Publication Date December 4, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Dikkol, S., & Erkılıç, H. (2019). Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, 6(2), 251-274. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.654015
AMA Dikkol S, Erkılıç H. Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. December 2019;6(2):251-274. doi:10.24955/ilef.654015
Chicago Dikkol, Selver, and Hakan Erkılıç. “Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 6, no. 2 (December 2019): 251-74. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.654015.
EndNote Dikkol S, Erkılıç H (December 1, 2019) Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 6 2 251–274.
IEEE S. Dikkol and H. Erkılıç, “Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 251–274, 2019, doi: 10.24955/ilef.654015.
ISNAD Dikkol, Selver - Erkılıç, Hakan. “Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi 6/2 (December 2019), 251-274. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.654015.
JAMA Dikkol S, Erkılıç H. Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. 2019;6:251–274.
MLA Dikkol, Selver and Hakan Erkılıç. “Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, pp. 251-74, doi:10.24955/ilef.654015.
Vancouver Dikkol S, Erkılıç H. Communicative Memory in Online Communities: Mediated and Collaborative Knowledge. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi. 2019;6(2):251-74.