Abstract
Looking at the history of international broadcasting, one can observe that governments utilised international media as an element of public diplomacy as early as 1930s. Some of the first examples are seen at the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) World Service, which runs a Turkish Service since 1939. This research examines the factors that impact on international broadcasting and takes the BBC World Service as an example. It focuses on its Turkish Section in order to consider the changing practices at its language services and explore the influence of the issues such as public diplomacy, technological advances and economic policies on these language services. The BBC World Service and the Turkish section are chosen because they constitute one of the first examples of international broadcasting efforts. The findings are based on data that were collected via in-depth interviews conducted with editors and producers in 2011 at the World Service Central Newsroom and the Turkish Service. This research was funded by TÜBİTAK (the Scientific and Research Council of Turkey) post-doctoral study abroad bursary, at the Communication and Media Research Institute, University of Westminster in London, where the researcher was based as a visiting scholar
References
- BBC WORLD SERVICE (2010) Annual Review 2009-2010. London: BBC World Service.
- BIANET (2014) BBC, NTV’yle ortaklığı askıya aldı [online]. Available from: http:// www.bianet.org/bianet/medya/147606-bbc-ntv-yle-ortakligi-askiya-aldi [Accessed 14 June 2014].
- BOYD-BARRETT, O. and RANTANEN, T. (1998) The globalization of news. In: BOYD-BARRETT, O. and RANTANEN, T. (eds.) The globalization of news. London: Sage Publications, pp.1-15.
- DOWNING, D. H. J. (2007) Drawing a bead on global communication theories. In: KAMALIPOUR, R. Y. (ed.) Global communication. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, pp.22-38.
- GILBOA, E. (2008) Searching for a theory of public diplomacy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.616, pp.55-77.
- HACHTEN A. W and SCOTTON F. J. (2007) The world news prism: global ınformation in a satellite age. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing.
- HELD, D. et.al. (1999) Global tranformations politics, economics and culture. Oxford: Polity.
- HESMONDALGH, D. (2006) Media production. Maidenhead and New York: Open University Press.
- JABER, M. and BAUMANN, G. (2011) The BBC World Service in the Middle East: Claims to Impartiality, or a politics of translation? Journalism, 12 (2), pp.171- 182.
- KAMALIPOUR, R. Y. (ed.) (2007) Global communication. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
- MCCARTHY, J. and JENNER, C. (2011) Brave new world service: a unique opportuniy for the BBC to bring the world to the UK. London: Commonwealth Broadcasting Association.
- MCNAIR, B. (2006) Cultural chaos: journalism, news and power in a globalized world. London: Routledge.
- MCPHAIL, L. T. (2006) Global communications: theories, stakeholders, and trends. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- NOHL, A. M. (2010) Changing expectations: notes from the history of the BBC’s Turkish Service. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, vol. 3, pp. 171–191.
- NYE, S. J., JR (2008) Public diplomacy and soft power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.616, pp. 94-109.
- Oxford Paperback Dictionary (2001) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- PATERSON, C. and SREBERNY, A. (eds.) (2004) International news in the 21st century. Eastleigh: University of Luton Press.
- PRICE, E. M. (2009) End of television and foreign policy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 625, pp. 196-204.
- SEATON, J. (2008) Journeys to truth: the BBC as a pragmatic ethical engineer at home and abroad. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), pp. 441-451.
- SEMATI, M. (2004) Introduction. In: SEMATI, M. (ed.) New frontiers in international communication theory. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 1-24.
- SREBERNY, A. (2000) The global and the local in international communications. In: CURRAN, J. and GUREVITCH, M. (eds.) Mass Media and Society. London: Arnold, pp.93-119.
- TAUSSIG, A. (2008) You lose some, you win some-1989 and after. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), pp. 583-618.
- THUSSU, K. D. (2006) International communication: continuity and change. London: Hodder Arnold Publication.
- TOUCH, H. (1990) Communicating with the world: US public diplomacy overseas. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- WALKER, A. (1982) Voice for the world : 50 years of broadcasting to the world: 1932-1982. BBC, London: British Broadcasting Corporation External Services Publicity Unit.
- WINSECK, D. R. and PIKE, M. R. (2008) Communication and empire: media markets, power and globalization, 1860-1910. Global Media and Communication, 4 (7), pp. 7-36.
- WOODS, J. (1992) History of international broadcasting. Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
Abstract
Uluslararası yayıncılığın tarihine bakıldığında, hükümetlerin, 1930’lar kadar erken bir dönemde uluslararası medyayı kamu diplomasisinin bir unsuru olarak kullandığı gözlemlenebilir. Bu tür yayıncılığın ilk örneklerine, Türkçe Servisi 1939’dan bu yana yayın yapan, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation, Britanya Yayın Kurumu) Dünya Servisi’nde rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, BBC Dünya Servisi örneği üzerinden, uluslararası yayıncılığa etki eden faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkçe Servisini ele alarak, dil servislerindeki değişen pratikleri ve kamu diplomasisi, teknolojik gelişmeler ve ekonomik politikaların dil servisleri üzerindeki etkilerini göstermeye çalışmaktadır. BBC Dünya Servisi ve Türkçe Servisi uluslararası yayıncılığın ilk ve en uzun süre devam eden örneklerini teşkil ettiği için seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, 2011’de BBC Dünya Servisi merkezi haber odası (World Service Central Newsroom) ve Türkçe Servisi’ndeki editör ve yapımcılarla yapılmış derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmış verilere dayanmaktadır. Araştırmacının Londra Westminster Üniversitesi İletişim ve Medya Araştırmaları Merkezi’nde misafir öğretim üyesi olarak bulunduğu bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK yurt-dışı araştırma bursu kapsamında desteklenmiştir.
References
- BBC WORLD SERVICE (2010) Annual Review 2009-2010. London: BBC World Service.
- BIANET (2014) BBC, NTV’yle ortaklığı askıya aldı [online]. Available from: http:// www.bianet.org/bianet/medya/147606-bbc-ntv-yle-ortakligi-askiya-aldi [Accessed 14 June 2014].
- BOYD-BARRETT, O. and RANTANEN, T. (1998) The globalization of news. In: BOYD-BARRETT, O. and RANTANEN, T. (eds.) The globalization of news. London: Sage Publications, pp.1-15.
- DOWNING, D. H. J. (2007) Drawing a bead on global communication theories. In: KAMALIPOUR, R. Y. (ed.) Global communication. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, pp.22-38.
- GILBOA, E. (2008) Searching for a theory of public diplomacy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.616, pp.55-77.
- HACHTEN A. W and SCOTTON F. J. (2007) The world news prism: global ınformation in a satellite age. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing.
- HELD, D. et.al. (1999) Global tranformations politics, economics and culture. Oxford: Polity.
- HESMONDALGH, D. (2006) Media production. Maidenhead and New York: Open University Press.
- JABER, M. and BAUMANN, G. (2011) The BBC World Service in the Middle East: Claims to Impartiality, or a politics of translation? Journalism, 12 (2), pp.171- 182.
- KAMALIPOUR, R. Y. (ed.) (2007) Global communication. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
- MCCARTHY, J. and JENNER, C. (2011) Brave new world service: a unique opportuniy for the BBC to bring the world to the UK. London: Commonwealth Broadcasting Association.
- MCNAIR, B. (2006) Cultural chaos: journalism, news and power in a globalized world. London: Routledge.
- MCPHAIL, L. T. (2006) Global communications: theories, stakeholders, and trends. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- NOHL, A. M. (2010) Changing expectations: notes from the history of the BBC’s Turkish Service. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, vol. 3, pp. 171–191.
- NYE, S. J., JR (2008) Public diplomacy and soft power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.616, pp. 94-109.
- Oxford Paperback Dictionary (2001) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- PATERSON, C. and SREBERNY, A. (eds.) (2004) International news in the 21st century. Eastleigh: University of Luton Press.
- PRICE, E. M. (2009) End of television and foreign policy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 625, pp. 196-204.
- SEATON, J. (2008) Journeys to truth: the BBC as a pragmatic ethical engineer at home and abroad. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), pp. 441-451.
- SEMATI, M. (2004) Introduction. In: SEMATI, M. (ed.) New frontiers in international communication theory. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 1-24.
- SREBERNY, A. (2000) The global and the local in international communications. In: CURRAN, J. and GUREVITCH, M. (eds.) Mass Media and Society. London: Arnold, pp.93-119.
- TAUSSIG, A. (2008) You lose some, you win some-1989 and after. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), pp. 583-618.
- THUSSU, K. D. (2006) International communication: continuity and change. London: Hodder Arnold Publication.
- TOUCH, H. (1990) Communicating with the world: US public diplomacy overseas. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- WALKER, A. (1982) Voice for the world : 50 years of broadcasting to the world: 1932-1982. BBC, London: British Broadcasting Corporation External Services Publicity Unit.
- WINSECK, D. R. and PIKE, M. R. (2008) Communication and empire: media markets, power and globalization, 1860-1910. Global Media and Communication, 4 (7), pp. 7-36.
- WOODS, J. (1992) History of international broadcasting. Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 1, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014 |