Araştırma Makalesi
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Orientalism: From Expeditions to Colonialisation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 159 - 177, 04.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1308854

Öz

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between orientalism and colonialism. More specifically, it analyses orientalism in its various ways before and during the nineteenth century to the present day, as well as its actual aims. For this purpose, the expeditions of some European orientalists, missionaries, and explorers are analysed and discussed. In addition to these expeditions, numerous writings and various viewpoints expressed by some authors in the social and human sciences are examined. The methodology used in the study is mainly based on critical literature sources. Overall, it appears that despite the attempts of some authors to challenge it, there is a direct and close link between orientalism, postcolonialism, and colonialism. Indeed, far from being a simple and innocent approach or discipline studying the relationship between the East and the West, orientalism served as a colonial ideology and prepare the ground to facilitate Europe's dominance over the rest of the world. Furthermore, the structure of international relations and the forms of relationship that certain European powers maintain with their former colonies reveal orientalist and neo-colonialist patterns.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Hallaq, A., et Al-Soleman, D. (2021). L’Europe et le monde arabe : quelques traits du discours orientaliste apr`es 2011, : CAREP. Retrieved July 2023 from https://www.carep-paris.org/publications/axesde-recherche/europe-monde-arabe/papiers-de-recherche-europe/europe-discours-orientalisme/
  • Aoun, E. (2019). L’humiliation en action. une analyse badienne et postcoloniale des pratiques occidentalesau moyen-orient. Etudes Internationales, 50(2), 263-285. 10.7202/1071178ar
  • Arlı, A. (2004). Oryantalizm, Oksidentalizm ve Şerif Mardin. Istanbul: Küre Yayınları
  • Asare Opoku, K. (1987). La religion en Afrique pendant l’epoque coloniale in Boahen, A (dir), Histoire Generale de l’Afrique VII : l’Afrique Sous Domination Coloniale, 1880-1935. Paris: Editions UNESCO, 549-579. Retrieved June 2023 from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000065560_fre.
  • Bart, F., Lenoble-Bart, A., et Ricard, A. (2005). Expeditions missionnaires en afrique australe et orientale au XIX e siecle. M´emoire Spiritaine, 22(22), 75-95.
  • Benessaieh, A. (2010). La perspective postcoloniale. Voir le monde diff´eremment, Chapitre dans Dan O’Meara et Alex McLeod (dirs). Theories des relations internationales : Contestations et r´esistances, 365-378.
  • Boniface Camara, J. (2021). La religion, nouvel outil du n´eocolonialisme en Afrique? Recherches Internationales, 121, 163-183.
  • Butt, D. (2013). Colonialism and Postcolonialism. H. LaFollette (Ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Blackwell, 892-898.
  • C´esaire, A. (1955). Discours Sur le Colonialisme. Paris: Editions Pr´esence Africaine.
  • Castillo, E. G., Lavanchy, A., Rhani, Z. & Truchon, K. (2008). L’anthropologie et ses lieux : Alterite, genre, relativisme culturel et decolonisation. Anthropologie et Societes, 32, 117-126.
  • Coquery-Vidorvitch, C., et Moniot, H. (1964). L’Afrique Noire de 1800 a nos jours. Paris: PUF.
  • Fanon, F. (1952). Peau Noire Masques Blancs. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Foucault, M. (1969). L’archeologie du savoir. Paris: Editions Gallimard.
  • Gardaz, M. (2005). La bayadere, le gymnosophiste et le tigre : l’orientalisme français et l’exotisme indien au XIXe siecle, Religiologiques, 31, 173-188.
  • Gauthier, F. (2018). Reflexions brutes sur le postcolonialisme. Revue du Mauss, 1(51), 47-57. 10.3917/rdm.051.0047.
  • Goody, J. (2015). Le vol de l’histoire. Comment l’Europe a impose le recit de son passe au reste du monde. (Traduit de l’anglais par Fabienne Durant-Bogaert). Paris : Editions Gallimard.
  • Hüseyin, A. (2006). Batı’nın ˙Islamla Kavgası, Seyyahlar ve Casusluk. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Kahraman, H. (2002). İçselleştirilmiş açık ve gizli oryantalizm, Doğu-Batı Dergisi, 5(20), 153-178.
  • Kalın, İ. (2007). ˙Islam ve Batı, Avrupa Kolonyalizmi, Seyyahlar ve Oryantalizm. ˙Istanbul: ˙Islam Yayınları.
  • Kebe, M. L. (2019). Le Franc CFA, le colonialisme a l’epreuve du developpement. M´emoire de maitrise. Universit´e d’Ottawa. Retrieved July 2023 from https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/39547/1/KEBE
  • Köşe, M., Küçük, M. (2015). Oryantalizm ve “Öteki” Algısı. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 107-127.
  • Le Coadic, Y. (1984). Cooperation scientifique et technique et neocolonialisme. Tiers-Monde, 25(100), 773-778. 10.3406/tiers.1984.4368.
  • Maistre, J. (2016). Trajectoires: approche prosopographique des explorateurs francais de l’Afrique et de l’Asie (1870-1914). These de doctorat, Universit´e Paul Valery - Montpellier III. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/47321057.pdf.
  • Marx, K. (1853). The future results of British rule in India, New York Daily Tribune. Retrieved July 2023 from https://marxists.architexturez.net/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm
  • Medard, J.-F. (2002). La politique est au bout du r´eseau. Questions sur la m´ethode Foccart. Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Historiques. 10.4000/ccrh.612.
  • Megret, F. (2014). Cour pe´nale internationale et neocolonialisme: au-dela des evidences. Etudes Internationals, 45(1), 27-50. 10.7202/1025115ar.
  • Mertcan, H. (2007). Oryantalizm-Sömürgecilik İlişkisi: Batılı Fatihlerin Kılıcından Alaaddin’in Lambasına Uzanan “Aşk”ın Bitmeyen Kanlı Ser¨uveni. İnanç, Kültür ve Mitoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 11-28.
  • Milquet, J. (2013), L’action des Etats-Unis envers la Republique islamique de l’Iran, Collection “Au Quotidien”. Centre Permanent pour la Citoyennet´e et la Participation, Bruxelles. Retrieved June 2023 from http://www.cpcp.be/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/usa_iran.pdf
  • Moos, O. (2011). L´enine en djellaba : Neo-orientalisme et critique de l’islam. Cahiers de l’Institut Religioscope, 7.
  • Mourad, A.-K. (2006). Tocqueville orientaliste? Jalons pour une r´einterpr´etation de ses ecrits politiques et de son engagement en faveur de la colonisation franc¸aise en Alg´erie. French Colonial History, 7, 77-96.
  • Moussa, S. (1999). Flaubert ou l’Orient a corps perdu. Revue des Lettres et de Traduction, 5, 193-213.
  • Moussa, S. (2002). Orientalisme et colonialisme : Une reevaluation (Denon, Gautier, Lamartine). Revue des Lettres et de Traduction, 8, 91-104.
  • Moussa, S. (2013). Orientalisme et ideologie. La representation d’Alexandrie chez Volney et Denon. Litt´erature et sciences de l’homme, 165-177.
  • Moussa, S. (2020). ”Voyager cest traduire.” Relire le Voyage en Orient de Lamartine a la lumi`ere de Raymond Schwab. Revue de Litt´erature Compar´ee, 2(374), 149-162.
  • Moussa, S. (2007). Noirceur orientale. L’ Egypte de Volney. Noirceur orientale,181-196. Retrieved June 2023 from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52309528.pdf
  • Noirot, T. (2012). Les entreprises franc¸aises en Afrique. Pillage contre transparence. Outre-Terre, 3(33-34), 537-546. 10.3917/oute.033.0537.
  • Parekh, B. (2002). Çokkültürlülüğü yeniden düşünmek, kültürel çeşitlilik ve siyasi teori. Bilge Tanrıseven (C¸ ev.). Ankara: Phoenix yayınevi.
  • Racine, J.-L. (2006). L’Inde emergente, ou la sortie des temps postcoloniaux. Herodote, 1(120), 28-47. 10.3917/her.120.0028.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
  • Said, E. (1980). L’orientalisme : L’Orient cr´e´e par l’Occident. (Traduit de l’anglais par Catherine Malamoud). Paris : Editions du Seuil.
  • Said, E. (1995). L’Orientalisme : L’Orient cree par l’Occident. Paris : Editions du Seuil.
  • Said, E. (1998). Oryantalizm (Doğubilim) Sömürgeciliğin Keşif Kolu. Nezih Uzel (C¸ ev). İstanbul: İrfan Yayımcılık.
  • Sani Hamet, E. B. (2022). Nijer’de eğitim sistemi, kültür ve kimlik: sosyolojik ve tarihsel bir bakış., Universal Journal of History and Culture, 4 (1), 16-38. 10.52613/ujhc.934858.
  • Surun, I. (2006). L’exploration de l’Afrique au XIXe siecle : une histoire pre coloniale au regard des postcolonial studies. Revue d’histoire du XIXe si`ecle, 32(1), 21-39.
  • Şimşek, A. (2013). T¨urkiye’de tarih ders kitaplarında avrupamerkezcilik. ˙Insan & Toplum Dergisi, 3(6), 193-215.
  • Unesco. (1980). Domination ou partage? Developpement endog`ene et transfert des connaissances. Paris: PUF. Retrieved on July from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000043634
  • Villard, F. (2018). L’Orientalisme, La Chine et les Etudes chinoises : Usages critiques et devoiements nationalistes de la pens´ee d’Edward Said in Dartigues, L., Abb`es, M. (dir), Orientalismes/ Occidentalismes : A propos de l’oeuvre d’Edward Said, Paris : Hermann. Retrieved July 2023 from https://www.academia.edu/10771631/

Orientalism: From Expeditions to Colonialisation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 159 - 177, 04.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1308854

Öz

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between orientalism and colonialism. More specifically, it analyses orientalism in its various ways before and during the nineteenth century to the present day, as well as its actual aims. For this purpose, the expeditions of some European orientalists, missionaries, and explorers are analysed and discussed. In addition to these expeditions, numerous writings and various viewpoints expressed by some authors in the social and human sciences are examined. The methodology used in the study is mainly based on critical literature sources. Overall, it appears that despite the attempts of some authors to challenge it, there is a direct and close link between orientalism, postcolonialism, and colonialism. Indeed, far from being a simple and innocent approach or discipline studying the relationship between the East and the West, orientalism served as a colonial ideology and prepare the ground to facilitate Europe's dominance over the rest of the world. Furthermore, the structure of international relations and the forms of relationship that certain European powers maintain with their former colonies reveal orientalist and neo-colonialist patterns.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Hallaq, A., et Al-Soleman, D. (2021). L’Europe et le monde arabe : quelques traits du discours orientaliste apr`es 2011, : CAREP. Retrieved July 2023 from https://www.carep-paris.org/publications/axesde-recherche/europe-monde-arabe/papiers-de-recherche-europe/europe-discours-orientalisme/
  • Aoun, E. (2019). L’humiliation en action. une analyse badienne et postcoloniale des pratiques occidentalesau moyen-orient. Etudes Internationales, 50(2), 263-285. 10.7202/1071178ar
  • Arlı, A. (2004). Oryantalizm, Oksidentalizm ve Şerif Mardin. Istanbul: Küre Yayınları
  • Asare Opoku, K. (1987). La religion en Afrique pendant l’epoque coloniale in Boahen, A (dir), Histoire Generale de l’Afrique VII : l’Afrique Sous Domination Coloniale, 1880-1935. Paris: Editions UNESCO, 549-579. Retrieved June 2023 from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000065560_fre.
  • Bart, F., Lenoble-Bart, A., et Ricard, A. (2005). Expeditions missionnaires en afrique australe et orientale au XIX e siecle. M´emoire Spiritaine, 22(22), 75-95.
  • Benessaieh, A. (2010). La perspective postcoloniale. Voir le monde diff´eremment, Chapitre dans Dan O’Meara et Alex McLeod (dirs). Theories des relations internationales : Contestations et r´esistances, 365-378.
  • Boniface Camara, J. (2021). La religion, nouvel outil du n´eocolonialisme en Afrique? Recherches Internationales, 121, 163-183.
  • Butt, D. (2013). Colonialism and Postcolonialism. H. LaFollette (Ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Blackwell, 892-898.
  • C´esaire, A. (1955). Discours Sur le Colonialisme. Paris: Editions Pr´esence Africaine.
  • Castillo, E. G., Lavanchy, A., Rhani, Z. & Truchon, K. (2008). L’anthropologie et ses lieux : Alterite, genre, relativisme culturel et decolonisation. Anthropologie et Societes, 32, 117-126.
  • Coquery-Vidorvitch, C., et Moniot, H. (1964). L’Afrique Noire de 1800 a nos jours. Paris: PUF.
  • Fanon, F. (1952). Peau Noire Masques Blancs. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Foucault, M. (1969). L’archeologie du savoir. Paris: Editions Gallimard.
  • Gardaz, M. (2005). La bayadere, le gymnosophiste et le tigre : l’orientalisme français et l’exotisme indien au XIXe siecle, Religiologiques, 31, 173-188.
  • Gauthier, F. (2018). Reflexions brutes sur le postcolonialisme. Revue du Mauss, 1(51), 47-57. 10.3917/rdm.051.0047.
  • Goody, J. (2015). Le vol de l’histoire. Comment l’Europe a impose le recit de son passe au reste du monde. (Traduit de l’anglais par Fabienne Durant-Bogaert). Paris : Editions Gallimard.
  • Hüseyin, A. (2006). Batı’nın ˙Islamla Kavgası, Seyyahlar ve Casusluk. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Kahraman, H. (2002). İçselleştirilmiş açık ve gizli oryantalizm, Doğu-Batı Dergisi, 5(20), 153-178.
  • Kalın, İ. (2007). ˙Islam ve Batı, Avrupa Kolonyalizmi, Seyyahlar ve Oryantalizm. ˙Istanbul: ˙Islam Yayınları.
  • Kebe, M. L. (2019). Le Franc CFA, le colonialisme a l’epreuve du developpement. M´emoire de maitrise. Universit´e d’Ottawa. Retrieved July 2023 from https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/39547/1/KEBE
  • Köşe, M., Küçük, M. (2015). Oryantalizm ve “Öteki” Algısı. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 107-127.
  • Le Coadic, Y. (1984). Cooperation scientifique et technique et neocolonialisme. Tiers-Monde, 25(100), 773-778. 10.3406/tiers.1984.4368.
  • Maistre, J. (2016). Trajectoires: approche prosopographique des explorateurs francais de l’Afrique et de l’Asie (1870-1914). These de doctorat, Universit´e Paul Valery - Montpellier III. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/47321057.pdf.
  • Marx, K. (1853). The future results of British rule in India, New York Daily Tribune. Retrieved July 2023 from https://marxists.architexturez.net/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm
  • Medard, J.-F. (2002). La politique est au bout du r´eseau. Questions sur la m´ethode Foccart. Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Historiques. 10.4000/ccrh.612.
  • Megret, F. (2014). Cour pe´nale internationale et neocolonialisme: au-dela des evidences. Etudes Internationals, 45(1), 27-50. 10.7202/1025115ar.
  • Mertcan, H. (2007). Oryantalizm-Sömürgecilik İlişkisi: Batılı Fatihlerin Kılıcından Alaaddin’in Lambasına Uzanan “Aşk”ın Bitmeyen Kanlı Ser¨uveni. İnanç, Kültür ve Mitoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 11-28.
  • Milquet, J. (2013), L’action des Etats-Unis envers la Republique islamique de l’Iran, Collection “Au Quotidien”. Centre Permanent pour la Citoyennet´e et la Participation, Bruxelles. Retrieved June 2023 from http://www.cpcp.be/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/usa_iran.pdf
  • Moos, O. (2011). L´enine en djellaba : Neo-orientalisme et critique de l’islam. Cahiers de l’Institut Religioscope, 7.
  • Mourad, A.-K. (2006). Tocqueville orientaliste? Jalons pour une r´einterpr´etation de ses ecrits politiques et de son engagement en faveur de la colonisation franc¸aise en Alg´erie. French Colonial History, 7, 77-96.
  • Moussa, S. (1999). Flaubert ou l’Orient a corps perdu. Revue des Lettres et de Traduction, 5, 193-213.
  • Moussa, S. (2002). Orientalisme et colonialisme : Une reevaluation (Denon, Gautier, Lamartine). Revue des Lettres et de Traduction, 8, 91-104.
  • Moussa, S. (2013). Orientalisme et ideologie. La representation d’Alexandrie chez Volney et Denon. Litt´erature et sciences de l’homme, 165-177.
  • Moussa, S. (2020). ”Voyager cest traduire.” Relire le Voyage en Orient de Lamartine a la lumi`ere de Raymond Schwab. Revue de Litt´erature Compar´ee, 2(374), 149-162.
  • Moussa, S. (2007). Noirceur orientale. L’ Egypte de Volney. Noirceur orientale,181-196. Retrieved June 2023 from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52309528.pdf
  • Noirot, T. (2012). Les entreprises franc¸aises en Afrique. Pillage contre transparence. Outre-Terre, 3(33-34), 537-546. 10.3917/oute.033.0537.
  • Parekh, B. (2002). Çokkültürlülüğü yeniden düşünmek, kültürel çeşitlilik ve siyasi teori. Bilge Tanrıseven (C¸ ev.). Ankara: Phoenix yayınevi.
  • Racine, J.-L. (2006). L’Inde emergente, ou la sortie des temps postcoloniaux. Herodote, 1(120), 28-47. 10.3917/her.120.0028.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
  • Said, E. (1980). L’orientalisme : L’Orient cr´e´e par l’Occident. (Traduit de l’anglais par Catherine Malamoud). Paris : Editions du Seuil.
  • Said, E. (1995). L’Orientalisme : L’Orient cree par l’Occident. Paris : Editions du Seuil.
  • Said, E. (1998). Oryantalizm (Doğubilim) Sömürgeciliğin Keşif Kolu. Nezih Uzel (C¸ ev). İstanbul: İrfan Yayımcılık.
  • Sani Hamet, E. B. (2022). Nijer’de eğitim sistemi, kültür ve kimlik: sosyolojik ve tarihsel bir bakış., Universal Journal of History and Culture, 4 (1), 16-38. 10.52613/ujhc.934858.
  • Surun, I. (2006). L’exploration de l’Afrique au XIXe siecle : une histoire pre coloniale au regard des postcolonial studies. Revue d’histoire du XIXe si`ecle, 32(1), 21-39.
  • Şimşek, A. (2013). T¨urkiye’de tarih ders kitaplarında avrupamerkezcilik. ˙Insan & Toplum Dergisi, 3(6), 193-215.
  • Unesco. (1980). Domination ou partage? Developpement endog`ene et transfert des connaissances. Paris: PUF. Retrieved on July from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000043634
  • Villard, F. (2018). L’Orientalisme, La Chine et les Etudes chinoises : Usages critiques et devoiements nationalistes de la pens´ee d’Edward Said in Dartigues, L., Abb`es, M. (dir), Orientalismes/ Occidentalismes : A propos de l’oeuvre d’Edward Said, Paris : Hermann. Retrieved July 2023 from https://www.academia.edu/10771631/
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elhadji Bachir Sanı Hamet 0000-0002-8504-113X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sanı Hamet, E. B. (2023). Orientalism: From Expeditions to Colonialisation. Universal Journal of History and Culture, 5(2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1308854
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