Charlotte Perkins Gilman’ın Herland eserinde bir kesişimsel okuma denemesi: İkili karşıtlıkları sorgulamak
Öz
Charlotte Perkins Gilman’ın edebi ütopyası olan Herland (1915), ütopya edebiyatının öncü metinlerindendir. Hikâye, kadınlardan oluşan Herland isimli ütopik ülkeye dair izlenimlerini paylaşan erkek kararkter, Van Jennings tarafından anlatılmaktadır. Amerikalı Vandyck Jennings, Terry O. Nicholson ve Jeff Margrave’den oluşan üç erkek karakter Herland denilen gizemli ülkeyi bulmak için Güney Amerika taraflarında bir yere uçakla sefer düzenlerler. Tamamen kadınlardan oluşan böylesi bir ülke düşüncesi bu karakterleri heyecanlandırır. Bu yolculuk, her ne kadar farklı seviyelerde olsa da bu üç karakterin yansıtılan ataerkil toplum düzeninin iç mekaniğini yavaş yavaş sorgulamasını sağlar. Bu çalışma, karakterlerin coğrafi ve mecazi yolculuğunun ışığında, kesişimsel okuma yöntemiyle Herland eserini ele alarak tartışacaktır. Bu yaklaşım, kesişen faktörlerin toplumsal kapsayıcılık ya da toplumsal dışlanma konularında ne kadar önemli bir rol oynadığını ortaya çıkaracaktır. Ayrıca, bu bakış açısı Gilman’ın eserinin baskın söylemi, özcü kategorileri, ikili karşıtlıkları ve toplumsal cinsiyete dair kültürel olarak yerleşmiş varsayımları nasıl altüst edip çökerttiğini gösterecektir. Sonuç olarak bu eleştirel tartışmanın nihai amacı, ikili karşıtlıkların yer almadığı yeni bir yaklaşımı benimseme ihtiyacı olduğunu göstermektir çünkü ikili olmayan bir yaklaşım, mevcut söylemsel uygulamaların kısıtlayıcı sınırlarından uzak bir dünya oluşum olasılığını mümkün kılabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Herland toplumsal cinsiyet kesişimsellik ikiliksiz
Kaynakça
- Bowers, E. (2018). An Exploration of Femininity, Masculinity, and Racial Prejudices in Herland. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77(5), 1313-1327. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajes.12253
- Butler, J. (1988). Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519-531. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3207893.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Adb08bc6f4a51e30be0e74d0145b21f58
- Connell, J. M. (1995). Revisiting the Concept of Community: An Examination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Utopian Vision. Peabody Journal of Education, 70(4), 19-33. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1492865.pdf
- Chang, L. (2010). Economics, Evolution, and Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Utopian Fiction. Women’s Studies, 39(4), 319-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497871003661711
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8, 139-167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
- Davis, K. (2008). Intersectionality as Buzzword. Feminist Theory, 9(1), 67-85. journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1464700108086364
- Ferns, C. (1999). Narrating Utopia: Ideology, Gender, Form in Utopian Literature. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- Ferree, M. M. (2015). Beyond the Us-Them Binary: Power and Exclusion in Intersectional Analysis. DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 2(1-2), 33-38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.11116/jdivegendstud.2.1-2.0033.pdf
- Gill, A. and Pires T. (2019). From Binary to Intersectional to Imbricated Approaches: Gender in a Decolonial and Diasporic Perspective. Contexto Internacional, 41(2), 275-302. https://www.scielo.br/pdf/cint/v41n2/0102-8529-cint-201941020275.pdf
- Gilman, C. P. (1915). Herland. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications............................
- Hausman, B. L. (1998). Sex before Gender: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Evolutionary Paradigm of Utopia. Feminist Studies, 24(3), 488-510. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3178576.pdf
- Jonhson-Bogart, K. (1992). The Utopian Imagination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reconstruction of Meaning in “Herland”. Pacific Coast Philology, 27 (1/2). www.jstor.org/stable/1316715
- Lant, K. M. (1990). The Rape of the Text: Charlotte Gilman’s Violation of Herland. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 9(2), 291-308. www.jstor.org/stable/464226 Levitas, R. (2003). Introduction: The Elusive Idea of Utopia. History of the Human Sciences, 16(1), 1-10.
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0952695103016001002
- Lothian, A. (2018). Old Futures: Speculative Fiction and Queer Possibility. New York: New York University Press.
- Lloyd, B. (1998). Feminism, Utopian and Scientific: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Prison of the Familiar. American Studies, 39(1), 93-113. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40642950
- Peyser, T. G. (1992). Reproducing Utopia: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Herland. Studies in American Fiction, 20(1), 1-16. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/440145/pdf
- Sheth, F. A. and Prasch, R. E. (1996). Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reassessing Her Significance for Feminism and Social Economics. Review of Social Economy, 54(3), 323-335. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29769854
- Yuval-Davis, N. (2009). Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. In M. T. Berger and K. Guidroz (Eds.), The Intersectional Approach: Transforming the Academy through Race, Class, and Gender (pp. 44-60). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Weedon, C. (1987). Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Practice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- White, D. A. (2017). The Foundation of Deconstruction: Generalities at Play. In A. Michalska (Ed.), Derrida on Being as Presence: Questions and Quests (pp. 228-268). Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter.
Öz
Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s literary utopia, Herland (1915) is one of the pioneering texts of utopian literature. The story is narrated by a male character, Van Jennings, who shares his impressions of the utopian land of women, Herland. Three male characters, namely Vandyck Jennings, Terry O. Nicholson and Jeff Margrave, all American, go on an expedition by plane, somewhere in South America, to find out about the mysterious land called Herland, which consists entirely of women, as they are thrilled at the idea of such a country. This journey gradually leads these male characters to question the working mechanism of the projected patriarchal order, though on differing levels. In the light of these male characters’ geographical and metaphorical journey, this article analyzes and discusses Herland through an intersectional reading in order to illustrate how intersecting factors do play an integral role in social inclusion or exclusion. This approach also exposes how Gilman’s text challenges and disrupts the hegemonic discourse, essentialist categorizations, binary oppositions, and culturally embedded assumptions about gender. The ultimate aim of this critical discussion is then to demonstrate the need to adopt a non-binary approach in order to facilitate the formation of a world order that may be free from the restrictive boundaries of the existing discursive practices.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Herland gender intersectionality, non-binary
Kaynakça
- Bowers, E. (2018). An Exploration of Femininity, Masculinity, and Racial Prejudices in Herland. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77(5), 1313-1327. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajes.12253
- Butler, J. (1988). Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519-531. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3207893.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Adb08bc6f4a51e30be0e74d0145b21f58
- Connell, J. M. (1995). Revisiting the Concept of Community: An Examination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Utopian Vision. Peabody Journal of Education, 70(4), 19-33. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1492865.pdf
- Chang, L. (2010). Economics, Evolution, and Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Utopian Fiction. Women’s Studies, 39(4), 319-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497871003661711
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8, 139-167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
- Davis, K. (2008). Intersectionality as Buzzword. Feminist Theory, 9(1), 67-85. journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1464700108086364
- Ferns, C. (1999). Narrating Utopia: Ideology, Gender, Form in Utopian Literature. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- Ferree, M. M. (2015). Beyond the Us-Them Binary: Power and Exclusion in Intersectional Analysis. DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 2(1-2), 33-38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.11116/jdivegendstud.2.1-2.0033.pdf
- Gill, A. and Pires T. (2019). From Binary to Intersectional to Imbricated Approaches: Gender in a Decolonial and Diasporic Perspective. Contexto Internacional, 41(2), 275-302. https://www.scielo.br/pdf/cint/v41n2/0102-8529-cint-201941020275.pdf
- Gilman, C. P. (1915). Herland. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications............................
- Hausman, B. L. (1998). Sex before Gender: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Evolutionary Paradigm of Utopia. Feminist Studies, 24(3), 488-510. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3178576.pdf
- Jonhson-Bogart, K. (1992). The Utopian Imagination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reconstruction of Meaning in “Herland”. Pacific Coast Philology, 27 (1/2). www.jstor.org/stable/1316715
- Lant, K. M. (1990). The Rape of the Text: Charlotte Gilman’s Violation of Herland. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 9(2), 291-308. www.jstor.org/stable/464226 Levitas, R. (2003). Introduction: The Elusive Idea of Utopia. History of the Human Sciences, 16(1), 1-10.
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0952695103016001002
- Lothian, A. (2018). Old Futures: Speculative Fiction and Queer Possibility. New York: New York University Press.
- Lloyd, B. (1998). Feminism, Utopian and Scientific: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Prison of the Familiar. American Studies, 39(1), 93-113. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40642950
- Peyser, T. G. (1992). Reproducing Utopia: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Herland. Studies in American Fiction, 20(1), 1-16. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/440145/pdf
- Sheth, F. A. and Prasch, R. E. (1996). Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Reassessing Her Significance for Feminism and Social Economics. Review of Social Economy, 54(3), 323-335. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29769854
- Yuval-Davis, N. (2009). Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. In M. T. Berger and K. Guidroz (Eds.), The Intersectional Approach: Transforming the Academy through Race, Class, and Gender (pp. 44-60). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Weedon, C. (1987). Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Practice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- White, D. A. (2017). The Foundation of Deconstruction: Generalities at Play. In A. Michalska (Ed.), Derrida on Being as Presence: Questions and Quests (pp. 228-268). Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Dilbilim |
| Bölüm | Dünya dilleri ve edebiyatları |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Sayı: 21 |
- Makale Dosyaları