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Algoritmalar ve Gazetecilik: Meslek, Kimlik, Değerler Üzerine Bir Tartışma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 981 - 1000, 30.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1274125

Öz

Yapay zeka teknolojilerinin haber üretim sürecinin her aşamasında giderek artan rolü teknolojinin gazetecilik pratiklerini ve mesleki bir kimlik olarak gazeteciliği nasıl değiştirdiğine ilişkin tartışmayı genişletmiştir. Gazeteciler haber üzerindeki mesleki yargı yetkisini ve insan failliğini haber üretiminin her aşamasında karar verici hale gelen yapay zeka algoritmalarına kısmen devretmektedir. Bu çalışma gazetecinin mesleki profesyonelliğinin temelindeki bilginin sahibi olma ve onu yapılandırma üzerindeki otoritesindeki kaymanın gazeteciliğin temel ilkelerini aşındırıcı etkilerini ele almakta ve gazetecilik üzerinde bir mücadele olduğunu varsaymaktadır. Gazeteciliğin sınırlarını koruma ya da şekillendirme mücadelesi, gazeteciliğin kamu yararına faaliyet olma, doğruluk ve editoryal bağımsızlık ilkeleri üzerinde verilmektedir. Mesleki profesyonellik ve otorite iddiaları gazeteciler ve geniş halk kitleleri tarafından paylaşılan bir dizi değere bağlıdır. Bu değerler üzerinde verilen mücadelenin kaybı gazetecilerin haber üzerindeki otoritesini daha fazla kaybetmesine ve gazeteci önceliklerinin yerini ticari kaygıların daha fazla almasına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye’de yapay zekanın gazetecilikteki kullanımı üzerine literatür hızla genişlerken yapay zeka algoritmalarının gazetecilerin mesleki kimliği üzerindeki etkisini ele alan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma yapay zekanın gazeteci kimliğini ve gazeteciliği nasıl değiştirdiği üzerine biriken uluslararası literatürü yapay zeka teknolojilerinin haber üretimine entegrasyonunda gazeteciliğin temel normatif iddialarına etkilerine odaklanarak derlemekte ve bu iddiaları korumaya yönelik olanakları somut öneriler sunarak tartışmaya açmaktadır. Böylelikle bu konuda yapılacak ampirik çalışmalar için teorik bir çerçeve sunmaya çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, N., Haque, S., & Ibahrine, M. (2023). The News Ecosystem in the Age of AI: Evidence from the UAE. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 1-30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2023.2173197
  • Baker, G. (2020, 29 Mayıs). Microsoft is cutting dozens of MSN news production workers and replacing them with artifcial intelligence. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2022 from https://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/microsoft-is-cutting-dozens-of-msn-news-production-workers-and-replacing-them-with-artificial-intelligence/
  • Beckett, C. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. .
  • Bodó, B. (2019). Selling news to audiences–a qualitative inquiry into the emerging logics of algorithmic news personalization in European quality news media. Digital Journalism, , 7(8), 1054-1075.
  • Brennen, J. S., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). An Industry-Led Debate: How UK Media Cover Artificial Intelligence (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Fact Sheet Issue.
  • Carlson, M. (2014). The Robotic Reporter. Digital journalism, 3(3), 416-431.
  • Carlson, M. (2015). The many boundaries of journalism In M. C. v. S. C. Lewis (Ed.), Boundaries of Journalism (pp. 1-18). Routledge.
  • Carlson, M. (2017). Automated Journalism: A Post Human Future for Digital News? In B. F. a. S. A. E. II (Ed.), The Routledge companion to digital journalism studies (pp. 226-234). Routledge.
  • Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence adoptions in the media industry. International Journal on Media Management, 21( 3-4), 193-215.
  • Coddington, M. (2014). Defending judgment and context in ‘original reporting’: Journalists’ construction of newswork in a networked age. Journalism, 15(6), 678-695. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913501244
  • Coddington, M. (2015). Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn: A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational journalism, and computer-assisted reporting. Digital journalism, 3( 3 ), 331-348.
  • de-Lima-Santos. M. F., & Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in news media: current perceptions and future outlook. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002
  • Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
  • Deuze, M., & Marjoribanks, T. (2009). Newswork. Journalism 10(5), 555-561.
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2014). Algorithmic accountability reporting: On the investigation of black boxes.
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Algorithmic accountability: Journalistic investigation of computational power structures. Digital journalism, 3(3), 398-415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976411
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Automating the news: How algorithms are rewriting the media. Harvard University Press.
  • Dörr, K. N., & Hollnbuchner, K. (2017 ). Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism. Digital journalism, 5(4), 404-419.
  • Etike, Ş. (2022, 12 Ekim 2022 ). Mesleğin geleceği robot değil gazeteci: Gazetecilerin yapay zeka deneyimleri 3. Communication in the Digital Age Symposium Cida International, Ankara.
  • Ford, H., & Hutchinson, J. (2019). Newsbots that mediate journalist and audience relationships. Digital journalism, 7(8), 1013-1031.
  • Gibbs, L. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? Youtube, PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
  • Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In P. J. B. Tarleton Gillespie, Kirsten A. Foot (Ed.), Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167-193).
  • Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism (Tow Center for Digital Journalism Publications Issue. C. U. Tow Center for Digital Journalism.
  • Hermida, A., & Young, M. L. (2017). Finding the data unicorn: A hierarchy of hybridity in data and computational journalism. Digital journalism, 5(2).
  • Lewis, S. C., Sanders, A. K., & Carmody, C. (2019). Libel by algorithm? Automated journalism and the threat of legal liability. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 60-81.
  • Lindén, C.-G. (2017). Algorithms for journalism: The future of news work. The Journal of Media Innovations 4(1).
  • Marconi, F., Siegman, A., & Journalist, M. (2017). The future of augmented journalism: A guide for newsrooms in the age of smart machines.
  • Milosavljević M., & Vobič, I. (2019). Human Still in the Loop: Editors Reconsider the Ideals of Professional Journalism Through Automation. Digital journalism, 7(8), 1098–1116. https://doi.org/doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1601576
  • Møller, L. A. (2022). Between personal and public interest: how algorithmic news recommendation reconciles with journalism as an ideology. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1794-1812.
  • Montal, T., & Reich, Z. (2017). I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who is the Author? Digital journalism. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
  • Moran, R. E., & Shaikh, S. J. (2022). Robots in the news and newsrooms: Unpacking meta-journalistic discourse on the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. Digital journalism, 10(10), 1-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129
  • Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022). Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: the perception of experts, journalists and academics. Communication & Society, 35(3), 105-121.
  • Nunez, M. (2020, 3 Mayıs ). Want to Know What Facebook Really Thinks of Journalists? Here's What Happened When It Hired Some. GIZMODO. https://gizmodo.com/want-to-know-what-facebook-really-thinks-of-journalists-1773916117
  • O’Brian, E. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
  • O’Riordan, C. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? Youtube, PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
  • Parsons, J. (2020, 11 Eylül). Artificial intelligence wrote a news article, should I start looking for a new job? Metro. Retrieved 28 Şubat from https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/11/artificial-intelligence-wrote-an-article-should-look-for-a-new-job-13255169/
  • Peiser, J. (2019, 5 Şubat). The Rise of the Robot Reporter. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 Şubat from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/media/artificial-intelligence-journalism-robots.html
  • Schudson, M., & Anderson, C. (2009). Objectivity, professionalism, and truth seeking in journalism. In In K. W.-J. T. Hanitzsch (Ed.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 88-115). Routledge.
  • Splichal, S., & Dahlgren, P. (2016). Journalism between de-professionalisation and democratisation. European Journal of Communication, 31(1), 5-18.
  • Thurman, N., Dörr, K., & Kunert, J. (2017). When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism’s capabilities and consequences. Digital journalism, 5(10).
  • Usher, N. (2014). Making News at the New York Times. The University of Michigan Press.
  • Van Dalen, A. (2012). The algorithms behind the headlines: How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists. Journalism practice, 6(5-6), 648-658.
  • Waterson, J. (2020, 30 Mayıs ). Microsoft sacks journalists to replace them with robots. The Guardian Retrieved 18 Aralık from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/30/microsoft-sacks-journalists-to-replace-them-with-robots
  • Zamith, R. (2019). Algorithms and Journalism. In Y. Y. C. H.Örnebring, M. Carlson, S. Craft, M. Karlsson, H. Sjøvaag & H. Wasserman (Ed.), Oxford Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies Oxford University Press.
  • Zamith, R., & Braun, J. A. (2019). Technology and journalism. In T. P. V. F. Hanusch (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies: Wiley-Blackwell.

Algorithms and Journalism: On Profession, Identitiy and Values

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 981 - 1000, 30.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1274125

Öz

The growing role of artificial intelligence technologies at every stage of the news production process has expanded the discussion about how technology is changing journalism practices and journalism as a professional identity. Journalists partially delegate their professional jurisdiction and human agency over the news to artificial intelligence algorithms that become decision-making at every stage of news production. This study is about the erosive effects of the shift in the journalist's authority over the ownership of knowledge and structuring the basic principles of his professional professionalism. The struggle to protect or shape the boundaries of journalism is fought over the principles of journalism's public interest, integrity and editorial independence, and the loss of this struggle is causing journalists to lose more of their authority over the news and journalistic priorities to be replaced more by commercial concerns. This study compiles the accumulated international literature on how artificial intelligence changes journalistic identity and journalism by focusing on its effects on the basic normative claims of journalism, and discusses the possibilities to protect these claims by presenting concrete suggestions. Thus, it tries to present a theoretical framework for empirical studies on this subject.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, N., Haque, S., & Ibahrine, M. (2023). The News Ecosystem in the Age of AI: Evidence from the UAE. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 1-30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2023.2173197
  • Baker, G. (2020, 29 Mayıs). Microsoft is cutting dozens of MSN news production workers and replacing them with artifcial intelligence. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2022 from https://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/microsoft-is-cutting-dozens-of-msn-news-production-workers-and-replacing-them-with-artificial-intelligence/
  • Beckett, C. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. .
  • Bodó, B. (2019). Selling news to audiences–a qualitative inquiry into the emerging logics of algorithmic news personalization in European quality news media. Digital Journalism, , 7(8), 1054-1075.
  • Brennen, J. S., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). An Industry-Led Debate: How UK Media Cover Artificial Intelligence (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Fact Sheet Issue.
  • Carlson, M. (2014). The Robotic Reporter. Digital journalism, 3(3), 416-431.
  • Carlson, M. (2015). The many boundaries of journalism In M. C. v. S. C. Lewis (Ed.), Boundaries of Journalism (pp. 1-18). Routledge.
  • Carlson, M. (2017). Automated Journalism: A Post Human Future for Digital News? In B. F. a. S. A. E. II (Ed.), The Routledge companion to digital journalism studies (pp. 226-234). Routledge.
  • Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence adoptions in the media industry. International Journal on Media Management, 21( 3-4), 193-215.
  • Coddington, M. (2014). Defending judgment and context in ‘original reporting’: Journalists’ construction of newswork in a networked age. Journalism, 15(6), 678-695. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913501244
  • Coddington, M. (2015). Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn: A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational journalism, and computer-assisted reporting. Digital journalism, 3( 3 ), 331-348.
  • de-Lima-Santos. M. F., & Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in news media: current perceptions and future outlook. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002
  • Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
  • Deuze, M., & Marjoribanks, T. (2009). Newswork. Journalism 10(5), 555-561.
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2014). Algorithmic accountability reporting: On the investigation of black boxes.
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Algorithmic accountability: Journalistic investigation of computational power structures. Digital journalism, 3(3), 398-415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976411
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Automating the news: How algorithms are rewriting the media. Harvard University Press.
  • Dörr, K. N., & Hollnbuchner, K. (2017 ). Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism. Digital journalism, 5(4), 404-419.
  • Etike, Ş. (2022, 12 Ekim 2022 ). Mesleğin geleceği robot değil gazeteci: Gazetecilerin yapay zeka deneyimleri 3. Communication in the Digital Age Symposium Cida International, Ankara.
  • Ford, H., & Hutchinson, J. (2019). Newsbots that mediate journalist and audience relationships. Digital journalism, 7(8), 1013-1031.
  • Gibbs, L. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? Youtube, PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
  • Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In P. J. B. Tarleton Gillespie, Kirsten A. Foot (Ed.), Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167-193).
  • Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism (Tow Center for Digital Journalism Publications Issue. C. U. Tow Center for Digital Journalism.
  • Hermida, A., & Young, M. L. (2017). Finding the data unicorn: A hierarchy of hybridity in data and computational journalism. Digital journalism, 5(2).
  • Lewis, S. C., Sanders, A. K., & Carmody, C. (2019). Libel by algorithm? Automated journalism and the threat of legal liability. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 60-81.
  • Lindén, C.-G. (2017). Algorithms for journalism: The future of news work. The Journal of Media Innovations 4(1).
  • Marconi, F., Siegman, A., & Journalist, M. (2017). The future of augmented journalism: A guide for newsrooms in the age of smart machines.
  • Milosavljević M., & Vobič, I. (2019). Human Still in the Loop: Editors Reconsider the Ideals of Professional Journalism Through Automation. Digital journalism, 7(8), 1098–1116. https://doi.org/doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1601576
  • Møller, L. A. (2022). Between personal and public interest: how algorithmic news recommendation reconciles with journalism as an ideology. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1794-1812.
  • Montal, T., & Reich, Z. (2017). I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who is the Author? Digital journalism. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
  • Moran, R. E., & Shaikh, S. J. (2022). Robots in the news and newsrooms: Unpacking meta-journalistic discourse on the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. Digital journalism, 10(10), 1-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129
  • Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022). Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: the perception of experts, journalists and academics. Communication & Society, 35(3), 105-121.
  • Nunez, M. (2020, 3 Mayıs ). Want to Know What Facebook Really Thinks of Journalists? Here's What Happened When It Hired Some. GIZMODO. https://gizmodo.com/want-to-know-what-facebook-really-thinks-of-journalists-1773916117
  • O’Brian, E. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
  • O’Riordan, C. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? Youtube, PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
  • Parsons, J. (2020, 11 Eylül). Artificial intelligence wrote a news article, should I start looking for a new job? Metro. Retrieved 28 Şubat from https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/11/artificial-intelligence-wrote-an-article-should-look-for-a-new-job-13255169/
  • Peiser, J. (2019, 5 Şubat). The Rise of the Robot Reporter. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 Şubat from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/media/artificial-intelligence-journalism-robots.html
  • Schudson, M., & Anderson, C. (2009). Objectivity, professionalism, and truth seeking in journalism. In In K. W.-J. T. Hanitzsch (Ed.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 88-115). Routledge.
  • Splichal, S., & Dahlgren, P. (2016). Journalism between de-professionalisation and democratisation. European Journal of Communication, 31(1), 5-18.
  • Thurman, N., Dörr, K., & Kunert, J. (2017). When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism’s capabilities and consequences. Digital journalism, 5(10).
  • Usher, N. (2014). Making News at the New York Times. The University of Michigan Press.
  • Van Dalen, A. (2012). The algorithms behind the headlines: How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists. Journalism practice, 6(5-6), 648-658.
  • Waterson, J. (2020, 30 Mayıs ). Microsoft sacks journalists to replace them with robots. The Guardian Retrieved 18 Aralık from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/30/microsoft-sacks-journalists-to-replace-them-with-robots
  • Zamith, R. (2019). Algorithms and Journalism. In Y. Y. C. H.Örnebring, M. Carlson, S. Craft, M. Karlsson, H. Sjøvaag & H. Wasserman (Ed.), Oxford Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies Oxford University Press.
  • Zamith, R., & Braun, J. A. (2019). Technology and journalism. In T. P. V. F. Hanusch (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies: Wiley-Blackwell.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şafak Etike 0000-0002-3055-7876

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Etike, Ş. (2023). Algoritmalar ve Gazetecilik: Meslek, Kimlik, Değerler Üzerine Bir Tartışma. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 10(2), 981-1000. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1274125