Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Twitter-Based Public Discussions in Turkey: A Communicative Analysis

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 34, 464 - 489, 31.12.2020

Zafer Kıyan Uğur Kocager

https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.781854
Cited By: 2

Öz

Every day users engage in discussions on a wide range of topics on Twitter through hashtags in Turkey. This study examines these discussions as they offer vast opportunities not only to comprehend the role of Twitter in public discussions, but also to understand public discussion culture in Turkey. Based on Dahlgren's (1995) theory, this study analyzes the Twitter-based discussions in three dimensions: structural, representational and interactional. The quantitative data of the study consists of six hashtags of three different case studies and 18,500 tweets produced under these hashtags. Two different methods have been used in the analysis of the tweets: qualitative content analysis and social network analysis. The study has produced three results. Analysis of the structural dimension has suggested that Twitter is relatively inclusive in public discussions. Analysis of the representational dimension, however, has revealed that users do not produce content that is able to contribute to public discussions on Twitter. Finally, analysis of the interactional dimension has showed that the retweet feature of Twitter confines public discussions within their limits rather than expanding them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Twitter Public Sphere Public Discussions Participation Representation Interaction

Kaynakça

  • Anduiza, E., Cantijoch, M. ve Gallego, A. (2009). Political Participation and the Internet: A Field Essay. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 860-878. DOI: 10.1080/13691180802282720
  • Ausserhofer, J. ve Maireder, A. (2013). National Politics on Twitter: Structures and Topics of a Networked Public Sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 291-314. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050
  • Barbera, P. ve Rivero, G. (2015). Understanding the Political Representativeness of Twitter Users. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 712-729. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314558836
  • Batorski, D. ve Grzywińska, I. (2018). Three Dimensions of the Public Sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 356-374. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
  • Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T. ve Grimes, J. M. (2012). Promoting Transparency and Accountability Through ICTs, Social Media, and Collaborative e-Government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 6(1), 78-91.
  • Boulianne, S. (2015). Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta-Analysis of Current Research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524-538. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
  • Boyd, D. ve Crawford, K. (2012). Critical Questions for Big Data. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
  • Boyd, D., Golder, S. ve Lotan, G. (2010, 5-8 Ocak). Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter. 43. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences’ta sunulan bildiri (s. 1-10), Kauai, ABD. Erişim adresi: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5428313
  • Brandtzaeg, B. P. (2017). Facebook is No ‘Great Equalizer’: A Big Data Approach to Gender Differences in Civic Engagement Across Countries. Social Science Computer Review, 35(1), 103-125. DOI: 10.1177/0894439315605806
  • Bruns, A. (2015). Making Sense of Society Through Social Media. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578679
  • Bruns, A. ve Stieglitz, S. (2012). Quantitative Approaches to Comparing Communication Patterns on Twitter. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(3-4), 160-185. DOI: 10.1080/15228835.2012.744249
  • Carey, J. (1995). The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse. T. L. Glasser, C. T. Salmon (Der.). Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent (s. 373-402) içinde. New York: Guilford.
  • Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cheshire, T. (2017, 6 Şubat). Social media ‘echo chamber’ causing political tunnel vision, study finds. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/social-media-echo-chamber-causing-political-tunnel-vision-study-finds-10755219 adresinden 18.09.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Choi, S. (2015). The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 696-711. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314556599
  • Dahlgren, P. (1995). Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: SAGE.
  • Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication. Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162. DOI: 10.1080/10584600590933160
  • Dahlgren, P. (2012). Kamusal Alan ve Medya. (H. Köse, Çev.), E. Dacheux (Der.). Kamusal Alan (s. 45-58) içinde. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Eranti, V. ve Lonkila, M. (2015). The Social Significance of the Facebook Like Button. First Monday, 20(6).
  • Felt, M. (2016). Social Media and the Social Sciences: How Researchers Employ Big Data Analytics. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2053951716645828
  • Ferree, M. M., Gamson W. A., Gerhards, J. ve Rucht, D. (2002). Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies. Theory and Society, 31(3), 289-324.
  • Freeman, J. (2016). Digital Civic Participation in Australian Local Governments. M. Z. Sobaci (Der.). Social Media and Local Governments: Theory and Practice (s. 195-218) içinde. New York: Springer.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Gerhards, J. ve Schäfer, S. M. (2010). Is the Internet a Better Public Sphere? Comparing Old and New Media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143-160. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809341444
  • Habermas, J. (1962/1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. (T. Burger, Çev.), Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Haro-de-Rosario, A., Sáez-Martín, A. ve Caba-Pérez, M. C. (2018). Using Social Media to Enhance Citizen Engagement with Local Government. New Media & Society, 20(1), 29-49. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816645652
  • İnal, A. (1995). Yazılı Basın Haberlerinde ‘Yapısal’ Yanlılık Sorunu. Toplum ve Bilim, 67, 111-134.
  • Iosifidis, P. (2011). The Public Sphere, Social Networks and Public Service Media. Information, Communication & Society, 14(5), 619-637. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2010.514356
  • Jackson, J. S. ve Welles, B. F. (2015). Hijacking #myNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 932-952. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12185
  • Jensen, B. K. (2015). What’s Social About Social Media? Social Media & Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578874
  • Jericho, G. (2012). The Rise of the Fifth Estate: Social Media and Blogging in Australian Politcs. Brunswick: Scribe.
  • Kavada, A. (2015). Social Media as Conversation: A Manifesto. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115580793
  • KONDA. (2018). Hayat Tarzları. https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/tr/HayatTarzlari2018/#5thPage/1 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Kruse, M. L., Norris, D. R. ve Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62-84. DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143
  • Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. ve Moon, S. (2010, 26-30 Nisan). What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? 19. International Conference on World Wide Web’de sunulan bildiri (s. 591-600), Raleigh, ABD. Erişim adresi: http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf
  • Lagos, G. T., Coopman, T. M. ve Tomhave, J. (2013). ‘Parallel Poleis’: Towards a Theoretical Framework of the Modern Public Sphere, Civic Engagement and the Structural Advantages of the Internet to Foster and Maintain Parallel Socio-Political Institutions. New Media & Society, 16(3), 398-414. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813487953
  • Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B. ve Gaudet, H. (1948). The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University.
  • Lee, S. N. P., So, Y. K. C., Lee, F., Leung, L. ve Chan, M. (2018). Social Media and Political Partisanship – A Subaltern Public Sphere’s Role in Democracy. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1949-1957. DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.007
  • Lewis, J., Inthorn, S. ve Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2005). Citizens or Consumers? What the Media Tell Us About Political Participation. New York: Open University Press.
  • Loader, D. B. ve Mercea, D. (2011). Networking Democracy? Social Media Innovations and Participatory Politics. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 757-769. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.592648
  • Lounasmeri, L. (2017). Revisiting the Spheres of Public Discussion. Journalism Practice, 11(10), 1302-1318. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2016.1259959
  • Lunt, P. ve Livingstone, S. (2013). Media Studies’ Fascination with the Concept of the Public Sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 35(1), 87-96. DOI: 10.1177/0163443712464562
  • MacKinnon, R. (2012). China’s ‘Networked Authoritarianism’. L. Diamond, M. F. Plattner (Der.). Liberation Technology (s. 71-92) içinde. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Marin A. ve Wellman, B. (2011). Social Network Analysis: An Introduction. J. Scott, P. J. Carrington (Der.). Social Network Analysis (s. 11-25) içinde. London: SAGE.
  • Meraz, S. ve Papacharissi, Z. (2013). Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 138-166. DOI: 10.1177/1940161212474472
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: How not to Liberate the World. London: Penguin.
  • Murthy, D. (2013). Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The Virtual Sphere: The Net as a Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 5-23. DOI: 10.1177/14614440222226244
  • Quan-Haase, A. ve Sloan, L. (2017). Introduction to the Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. L. Sloan, A. Quan-Haase (Der.). Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (s. 1-9) içinde. London: SAGE.
  • Rauchfleisch, A. ve Kovic, M. (2016). The Internet and Generalized Functions of the Public Sphere. Social Media+Society, 2(2), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2056305116646393
  • Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis. U. Flick (Der.). Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (s. 170-183) içinde. London: SAGE.
  • Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 28-41.
  • Small, A. T. (2011). What the Hashtag? A Content Analysis of Canadian Politics on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 872-895. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572
  • Stevenson, N. (2002). Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. London: SAGE.
  • Twitter. (2020). About Twitter. https://about.twitter.com/en_us.html adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Vicari, S. (2017). Twitter and Non-Elites: Interpreting Power Dynamics in the Life Story of the (#) BRCA Twitter Stream. Social Media+Society, 3(3), 1-14. DOI: 10.1177/2056305117733224
  • We Are Social. (2020). Digital in 2020. https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Yang, S., Quan-Haase, A. ve Rannenberg, K. (2017). The Changing Public Sphere on Twitter. New Media & Society, 19(12), 1983-2002. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816651409

Türkiye’de Twitter’ın Kamusal Tartışmalardaki Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 34, 464 - 489, 31.12.2020

Zafer Kıyan Uğur Kocager

https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.781854
Cited By: 2

Öz

Türkiye’de Twitter kullanıcıları her gün hashtagler aracılığıyla çeşitli konularda tartışmalar yapmaktadırlar. Bu tartışmalar hem Twitter’ın kamusal alan açısından rolünü görmek hem de Türkiye’deki kamusal tartışma kültürünü anlamak açısından büyük bir olanak sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Twitter dolayımlı tartışmaları analiz ederek Twitter’ın kamusal alan açısından rolünü ve Türkiye’deki kamusal tartışma kültürünü anlamaya yarayacak anlamlı sonuçlar üretmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Dahlgren’in (1995) kuramına yaslanarak Twitter dolayımlı tartışmaları üç ayrı boyutta analiz etmektedir: yapısal, temsili ve etkileşimsel. Çalışmanın nicel verisi üç örnekolaya ilişkin altı hashtag ve bunların altında üretilen 18,500 tweetten oluşmaktadır. Tweetlerin analizinde iki farklı yöntem kullanılmıştır: niteliksel içerik analizi ve sosyal ağ analizi. Çalışma üç sonuç üretmiştir. Twitter’ın yapısal boyut açısından analizi bu platformun kamusal tartışmalarda dışlayıcı değil görece kapsayıcı olduğunu göstermiştir. Böyle olmakla birlikte, Twitter’ın temsili boyut açısından analizi kullanıcıların bu platformda kamusal tartışmalara katkı sağlayacak nitelikte içerik üretmediklerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Twitter’ın etkileşimsel boyut açısından analizi ise bu platformun retweet özelliğinin kamusal tartışmaları genişletmekten çok kendi içine kapattığını göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Twitter Kamusal Alan Kamusal Tartışmalar Katılım Temsil Etkileşim

Kaynakça

  • Anduiza, E., Cantijoch, M. ve Gallego, A. (2009). Political Participation and the Internet: A Field Essay. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 860-878. DOI: 10.1080/13691180802282720
  • Ausserhofer, J. ve Maireder, A. (2013). National Politics on Twitter: Structures and Topics of a Networked Public Sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 291-314. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050
  • Barbera, P. ve Rivero, G. (2015). Understanding the Political Representativeness of Twitter Users. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 712-729. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314558836
  • Batorski, D. ve Grzywińska, I. (2018). Three Dimensions of the Public Sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 356-374. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
  • Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T. ve Grimes, J. M. (2012). Promoting Transparency and Accountability Through ICTs, Social Media, and Collaborative e-Government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 6(1), 78-91.
  • Boulianne, S. (2015). Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta-Analysis of Current Research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524-538. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
  • Boyd, D. ve Crawford, K. (2012). Critical Questions for Big Data. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
  • Boyd, D., Golder, S. ve Lotan, G. (2010, 5-8 Ocak). Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter. 43. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences’ta sunulan bildiri (s. 1-10), Kauai, ABD. Erişim adresi: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5428313
  • Brandtzaeg, B. P. (2017). Facebook is No ‘Great Equalizer’: A Big Data Approach to Gender Differences in Civic Engagement Across Countries. Social Science Computer Review, 35(1), 103-125. DOI: 10.1177/0894439315605806
  • Bruns, A. (2015). Making Sense of Society Through Social Media. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578679
  • Bruns, A. ve Stieglitz, S. (2012). Quantitative Approaches to Comparing Communication Patterns on Twitter. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(3-4), 160-185. DOI: 10.1080/15228835.2012.744249
  • Carey, J. (1995). The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse. T. L. Glasser, C. T. Salmon (Der.). Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent (s. 373-402) içinde. New York: Guilford.
  • Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cheshire, T. (2017, 6 Şubat). Social media ‘echo chamber’ causing political tunnel vision, study finds. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/social-media-echo-chamber-causing-political-tunnel-vision-study-finds-10755219 adresinden 18.09.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Choi, S. (2015). The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 696-711. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314556599
  • Dahlgren, P. (1995). Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: SAGE.
  • Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication. Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162. DOI: 10.1080/10584600590933160
  • Dahlgren, P. (2012). Kamusal Alan ve Medya. (H. Köse, Çev.), E. Dacheux (Der.). Kamusal Alan (s. 45-58) içinde. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Eranti, V. ve Lonkila, M. (2015). The Social Significance of the Facebook Like Button. First Monday, 20(6).
  • Felt, M. (2016). Social Media and the Social Sciences: How Researchers Employ Big Data Analytics. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2053951716645828
  • Ferree, M. M., Gamson W. A., Gerhards, J. ve Rucht, D. (2002). Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies. Theory and Society, 31(3), 289-324.
  • Freeman, J. (2016). Digital Civic Participation in Australian Local Governments. M. Z. Sobaci (Der.). Social Media and Local Governments: Theory and Practice (s. 195-218) içinde. New York: Springer.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Gerhards, J. ve Schäfer, S. M. (2010). Is the Internet a Better Public Sphere? Comparing Old and New Media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143-160. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809341444
  • Habermas, J. (1962/1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. (T. Burger, Çev.), Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Haro-de-Rosario, A., Sáez-Martín, A. ve Caba-Pérez, M. C. (2018). Using Social Media to Enhance Citizen Engagement with Local Government. New Media & Society, 20(1), 29-49. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816645652
  • İnal, A. (1995). Yazılı Basın Haberlerinde ‘Yapısal’ Yanlılık Sorunu. Toplum ve Bilim, 67, 111-134.
  • Iosifidis, P. (2011). The Public Sphere, Social Networks and Public Service Media. Information, Communication & Society, 14(5), 619-637. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2010.514356
  • Jackson, J. S. ve Welles, B. F. (2015). Hijacking #myNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 932-952. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12185
  • Jensen, B. K. (2015). What’s Social About Social Media? Social Media & Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578874
  • Jericho, G. (2012). The Rise of the Fifth Estate: Social Media and Blogging in Australian Politcs. Brunswick: Scribe.
  • Kavada, A. (2015). Social Media as Conversation: A Manifesto. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115580793
  • KONDA. (2018). Hayat Tarzları. https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/tr/HayatTarzlari2018/#5thPage/1 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Kruse, M. L., Norris, D. R. ve Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62-84. DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143
  • Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. ve Moon, S. (2010, 26-30 Nisan). What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? 19. International Conference on World Wide Web’de sunulan bildiri (s. 591-600), Raleigh, ABD. Erişim adresi: http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf
  • Lagos, G. T., Coopman, T. M. ve Tomhave, J. (2013). ‘Parallel Poleis’: Towards a Theoretical Framework of the Modern Public Sphere, Civic Engagement and the Structural Advantages of the Internet to Foster and Maintain Parallel Socio-Political Institutions. New Media & Society, 16(3), 398-414. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813487953
  • Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B. ve Gaudet, H. (1948). The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University.
  • Lee, S. N. P., So, Y. K. C., Lee, F., Leung, L. ve Chan, M. (2018). Social Media and Political Partisanship – A Subaltern Public Sphere’s Role in Democracy. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1949-1957. DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.007
  • Lewis, J., Inthorn, S. ve Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2005). Citizens or Consumers? What the Media Tell Us About Political Participation. New York: Open University Press.
  • Loader, D. B. ve Mercea, D. (2011). Networking Democracy? Social Media Innovations and Participatory Politics. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 757-769. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.592648
  • Lounasmeri, L. (2017). Revisiting the Spheres of Public Discussion. Journalism Practice, 11(10), 1302-1318. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2016.1259959
  • Lunt, P. ve Livingstone, S. (2013). Media Studies’ Fascination with the Concept of the Public Sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 35(1), 87-96. DOI: 10.1177/0163443712464562
  • MacKinnon, R. (2012). China’s ‘Networked Authoritarianism’. L. Diamond, M. F. Plattner (Der.). Liberation Technology (s. 71-92) içinde. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Marin A. ve Wellman, B. (2011). Social Network Analysis: An Introduction. J. Scott, P. J. Carrington (Der.). Social Network Analysis (s. 11-25) içinde. London: SAGE.
  • Meraz, S. ve Papacharissi, Z. (2013). Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 138-166. DOI: 10.1177/1940161212474472
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: How not to Liberate the World. London: Penguin.
  • Murthy, D. (2013). Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The Virtual Sphere: The Net as a Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 5-23. DOI: 10.1177/14614440222226244
  • Quan-Haase, A. ve Sloan, L. (2017). Introduction to the Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. L. Sloan, A. Quan-Haase (Der.). Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (s. 1-9) içinde. London: SAGE.
  • Rauchfleisch, A. ve Kovic, M. (2016). The Internet and Generalized Functions of the Public Sphere. Social Media+Society, 2(2), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2056305116646393
  • Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis. U. Flick (Der.). Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (s. 170-183) içinde. London: SAGE.
  • Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 28-41.
  • Small, A. T. (2011). What the Hashtag? A Content Analysis of Canadian Politics on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 872-895. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572
  • Stevenson, N. (2002). Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. London: SAGE.
  • Twitter. (2020). About Twitter. https://about.twitter.com/en_us.html adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Vicari, S. (2017). Twitter and Non-Elites: Interpreting Power Dynamics in the Life Story of the (#) BRCA Twitter Stream. Social Media+Society, 3(3), 1-14. DOI: 10.1177/2056305117733224
  • We Are Social. (2020). Digital in 2020. https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Yang, S., Quan-Haase, A. ve Rannenberg, K. (2017). The Changing Public Sphere on Twitter. New Media & Society, 19(12), 1983-2002. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816651409
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zafer Kıyan 0000-0002-7318-5419

Uğur Kocager 0000-0002-4924-129X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Kıyan, Z., & Kocager, U. (2020). Türkiye’de Twitter’ın Kamusal Tartışmalardaki Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(34), 464-489. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.781854

Cited By

SOSYAL MEDYADA SIĞINMACI ALGISI: SURİYELİ SIĞINMACILARIN TÜRKÇE TWITTER HESAPLARINDA GÖRÜNÜMÜ
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