Abstract
Hiciv, birçok yazarın içinde yaşadıkları toplumların aksayan yönlerini ortaya çıkarmak ve sonrasında eleştirmek için kullandığı bir tekniktir. Bu bağlamda, bir eserin bağlamsal arka planı böylesi bir eleştiride önemli bir rol oynayabilmektedir; ki bu da yazarın tercihine bağlı olmakla birlikte, açık ya da örtülü hiciv olarak aktarılmaktadır. İskoç yazar Tobias Smollett’in mektup roman olarak kaleme alınmış The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771) başlıklı eseri, hicvi kullanan böylesi metinlerden bir tanesidir. Eserde, İngiltere ve İskoçya karşılaştırılarak kıyaslama tekniği kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, metinsel analiz öncesinde, öncelikle eser hakkında konu ile alakalı kısa bilgi verilecektir. Çalışmanın devamında ise, Smollett’in mektuplar şeklinde yazılmış eserinde İngiltere’yi eleştirmek için hiciv yöntemini, özellikle de farklı karakterlerin çerçevesinden yansıtılan toplumsal ve siyasi hicvi nasıl kullandığı birincil ve konu ile ilgili ikincil eserlere atıflarla tartışılacaktır.
References
- Gassman, B. (1963). “The Briton and Humphry Clinker”, Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 3/3, 397-414.
- Gassman, B. (1971). “The Economy of Humphry Clinker”, Tobias Smollett: Bicentennial Essays Presented to Lewis m. Knapp (Ed: G. S. Rousseau and P. G. Boucé), Oxford UP, New York, 155-168.
- Hopkins, R. (1969). “The Function of Grotesque in Humphry Clinker”, The Huntington Library Quarterly, 32/2, 163-177.
- Keymer, T. (1995). “Smollett’s Scotlands: Culture, Politics and Nationhood in Humphry Clinker and Defoe’s Tour”, History Workshop Journal, 40, 118-132.
- Lutz, A. (2001). “Representing Scotland in ‘Roderick Random’ and ‘Humphry Clinker’: Smollett’s Development as a Novelist”, Studies in the Novel, 33/1, 1-17.
- Markidou, V. (2010). “Gender and Space in Tobias Smollett’s ‘The Expedition of Humphry Clinker’”, Critical Survey, 22/1, 58-73.
- Mayer, R. (1992). “History, Humphry Clinker, and the Novel”, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 4/3, 239-256.
- Rosenblum, M. (1975). “Smollett as Conservative Satirist”, ELH, 42/4, 556-579.
- Sussman, C. (1994). “Lismahago’s Captivity: Transculturation in Humphry Clinker”, ELH, 61/3, 597-618.
- Sutherland, J. (1958). English Satire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Smollett, T. (2009). The Expedition of Humphry Clinker. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Warner, J. M. (1972). “Smollett’s Development as a Novelist”, A Forum on Fiction, 5/2, 148-161.
- Weed, D. M. (1997). “Sentimental Misogyny and Medicine in Humphry Clinker”, Studies in English Literature, 37/3, 615-636.
Abstract
Satire is a powerful technique used by numerous writers in order to reveal and criticize the problematic aspects of their societies. The contextual background of a literary work in this regard may play an instrumental role in such criticism, which is projected through either explicit or implicit satire depending on the choice of the writer. The Scottish writer Tobias Smollett’s last novel, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), written in the epistolary form, is one of these literary texts that draws on satire through the technique of comparison, namely comparing England and Scotland. This article will in this respect present brief relevant information about the novel prior to the textual analysis and then discuss how Smollett makes use of satire, especially social and political satire illustrated from different characters’ perspectives, in order to criticize England through letters with specific references from the primary text and relevant secondary sources.
References
- Gassman, B. (1963). “The Briton and Humphry Clinker”, Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 3/3, 397-414.
- Gassman, B. (1971). “The Economy of Humphry Clinker”, Tobias Smollett: Bicentennial Essays Presented to Lewis m. Knapp (Ed: G. S. Rousseau and P. G. Boucé), Oxford UP, New York, 155-168.
- Hopkins, R. (1969). “The Function of Grotesque in Humphry Clinker”, The Huntington Library Quarterly, 32/2, 163-177.
- Keymer, T. (1995). “Smollett’s Scotlands: Culture, Politics and Nationhood in Humphry Clinker and Defoe’s Tour”, History Workshop Journal, 40, 118-132.
- Lutz, A. (2001). “Representing Scotland in ‘Roderick Random’ and ‘Humphry Clinker’: Smollett’s Development as a Novelist”, Studies in the Novel, 33/1, 1-17.
- Markidou, V. (2010). “Gender and Space in Tobias Smollett’s ‘The Expedition of Humphry Clinker’”, Critical Survey, 22/1, 58-73.
- Mayer, R. (1992). “History, Humphry Clinker, and the Novel”, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 4/3, 239-256.
- Rosenblum, M. (1975). “Smollett as Conservative Satirist”, ELH, 42/4, 556-579.
- Sussman, C. (1994). “Lismahago’s Captivity: Transculturation in Humphry Clinker”, ELH, 61/3, 597-618.
- Sutherland, J. (1958). English Satire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Smollett, T. (2009). The Expedition of Humphry Clinker. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Warner, J. M. (1972). “Smollett’s Development as a Novelist”, A Forum on Fiction, 5/2, 148-161.
- Weed, D. M. (1997). “Sentimental Misogyny and Medicine in Humphry Clinker”, Studies in English Literature, 37/3, 615-636.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Creative Arts and Writing |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 23, 2021 |
| Acceptance Date | December 21, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Issue: 44 |
